幼儿(2-3岁段)祈问句的类型和形成发展轨迹——兼论祈使话语行为的语用策略

The Types and Acquisition Trajectory of Children’s Interrogative Questions——A Discussion on Pragmatic Strategies of Imperative Discourse Acts

祈问句是用疑问形式表达祈使功能的句子。文本基于两名2-3岁段幼儿日常会话中出现的祈问句,考察幼儿祈问句的基干类型、功能类型、标记类型和习得轨迹以及祈使话语行为的语用策略。根据基干性质,祈问句可分为本用祈问句和转用祈问句;根据交际功能,可分为征询祈问句和探询祈问句。疑问标记包括:疑问语调、疑问词(语气词、代词)、疑问格式(附加问、特指问、正反问、是非问)。幼儿的祈使话语行为经历从简单意愿表达→强硬命令表达→巧妙委婉表达的发展过程,其语用策略包括疑问策略、强化策略、迂回策略。

An imperative question is a sentence that expresses its imperative function in interrogative form.Based on the two-to-three-year-old children’s interrogative questions in their daily conversation,this paper examines their basic types,functional types,marker types,acquisition trajectories and pragmatic strategies of imperative discourse behaviors.According to the nature of the base,children’s interrogative questions can be divided into the basic imperative question and the transition imperative question.According to the communicative function,they can be divided into consulting questions and inquiring questions.Marks of question include intonation,words(modal words,pronouns),and format(additional questions,specific questions,positive and negative questions,yes and no questions).Children’s imperative discourse behavior has experienced a development process from simple intention expression to strong command expression to ingenious euphemism,and its pragmatic strategies include question strategy,reinforcement strategy and roundabout strategy.