积极国家:反贫困战略中的政府干预与理论基础——基于国际反贫困战略的比较研究

Positive State:Government Intervention and Theoretical Basis in Anti-poverty Strategy——A Comparative Study Based on International Anti-poverty Strategies

贫困的产生和解决是一个具有争议性的话题。个人主义将贫困归因于个人原因,结构主义认为贫困是社会问题,前者主张不需要国家干预,后者主张国家干预。文本从个人主义与结构主义理论组合来考察贫困的国家干预类型,通过对中国脱贫攻坚实践的考察及与西方扶贫理论和国家干预类型的比较,提出反贫困的五种类型:积极国家、发展型国家、有效国家、消极国家和无为国家。中国属于积极国家,干预程度最高。不同时期有不同的干预度,国家干预程度并不是越高越好,个人努力也有一定的限度。有效干预是能够实现减贫最大化的干预,有效努力是能够实现脱贫最大化的努力,国家有效干预与个人有效努力的结合能够实现最有效的减贫。从世界范围看,反贫困的干预收敛于有效国家。

The generation and resolution of poverty is a controversial topic.Individualism attributes poverty to personal reasons,while structuralism believes that poverty is a social problem.The former advocates no need for state intervention,and the latter advocates state intervention.This article examines the types of national poverty intervention from the combination of individualism and structuralism.Through the investigation of China’s poverty alleviation strategy and the comparison with Western poverty alleviation theories and the types of state intervention,five types of states can be identified in anti-poverty strategies:positive state,developmental state,effective state,negative state and inactive state.China is a positive state with the highest degree of intervention.There are different levels of intervention in different periods.The degree of state intervention is not the higher the better,and there are certain limits to individual efforts.Effective intervention is the intervention that can maximize poverty reduction;effective effort is the effort that can maximize poverty alleviation.The combination of effective intervention and effective effort can achieve the most effective poverty reduction.From a global perspective,anti-poverty interventions converge to effective state.