我国城市生活垃圾分类收集的难点及对策

Difficulties in China’s Municipal Domestic Waste Classified Collection and Solutions

城市生活垃圾分类收集是大势所趋,2019年在上海率先全面实行,未来几年我国将普遍推行垃圾分类制度。目前,我国城市生活垃圾分类收集面临居民习惯养成难、公共机构示范难、低价值废弃物收集利用难、企业利润提升难、产业链完善难、综合成本降低难、末端处置难等现实难题,这与参与主体众多、垃圾新品种不断产生、分类标准有差异、处理技术及终端设备配套不强、奖惩机制尚不健全等因素有关。应统一城市生活垃圾分类标准,强化垃圾分类收集宣传,形成垃圾分类运输、分类处置的"城市梯度标准",强化垃圾分类技术创新,推动云计算、大数据等新技术加速渗透,打造"机构示范、居民控源、街道促进"的全源头垃圾分类收集链条,建立健全企业补贴、跨区域合作、部门协作、垃圾监测等系列机制。

Classified collection of municipal domestic waste is the general trend.Shanghai took the lead in July 2019,and the universal implementing system will be established in the next few years.At present,promoting this system is faced with difficulties related to the formation of people’s habits,the demonstration of the public institutions,collection and reusing of low-value waste,the profits of enterprises,improvement on the industrial chain and so on.These difficulties involve the diverse participants and are caused by any factors,such as the constant production of new waste,inconsistent classification standards,weak matching of treatment technology and terminal equipment,and unsound reward and punishment mechanism.We should unify the standard of classified collection and strengthen the propaganda on municipal domestic waste,form an"urban gradient"for classified transportation and disposal,improve the innovation of classification technology and accelerate the application of new technologies such as cloud computing and big data analysis,establish a chain of"organization demonstration,resident source control and street promotion"on the source of waste discharge and innovation mechanism on subsidies for enterprises,cross-regional cooperation,departmental collaboration and monitoring system.