商业银行如何通过转型支持经济高质量发展

How Can Commercial Banks Support High-quality Economic Development through Transformation

当前,中国经济正由高速增长阶段向高质量发展阶段转变,这对商业银行的服务提出了新要求。不容否认,近年来商业银行在支持经济高质量发展方面有一定进展,但仍存在短板和差距,主要表现为三个"不匹配":一是银行服务体系结构与实体经济多层次、多元化的需求结构不匹配,二是新兴产业、小微企业特点与银行传统信贷审批模式不匹配,三是银行信贷供给能力与实体经济需求量不匹配。从美国、欧洲、日本银行业服务实体经济实践来看,商业银行更好服务实体经济有以下经验:一是要多方营造有利于中小企业发展的经营环境;二是各类银行各展所长,发挥合力;三是在与企业建立长期稳定关系的基础上,注重加强信息的收集、处理与应用能力;四是提前介入、识别扶植有前景的初创企业;五是以科技手段革新银行服务中小企业的专业能力。我国商业银行近年来在服务实体经济的过程中,在理念、产品和服务、技术、扩量和降价等方面开展了丰富多样的创新,但创新中仍然面临着不少外部困难:一是利率市场化尚未完成最后一跃,难以通过创新实现风险与收益的匹配;二是地方政府和国有企业的管理相对规范,信息相对透明,致使银行的风险偏好易形成惯性思维;三是服务实体经济的基础设施不完善,如信息不对称等难题难以破解,担保体系建设不到位等;四是对商业银行产品创新如何及时合理监管缺乏经验,致使为新产业、新动能企业提供综合金融服务受到限制。基于分析,本报告提出以下政策建议:一是完善多层次资本市场。建议加快科创板基础设施建设,以科创板带动整个资本市场改革;稳步探索和发展区域性股权交易市场;简化中小企业上市审批流程,同时打通不同层次市场之间的转板通道,形成一个优胜劣汰的激励约束机制,促进资本市场健康发展。二是引导建立银行业差异化服务格局。引导大型银行加快转型,敦促区域银行回归本源、回归本地,建立支持科技创新企业和小微企业发展的政策性银行等金融机构,推进开放型银行建设等。三是优化商业银行外部生态环境。加快推动利率市场化"并轨"改革,健全完善LPR机制;健全完善小微企业立法体系;完善基础数据系统,加快担保体系建设;加强政策保障,缓解商业银行资本补充压力;引导各类企业健全财务约束机制,减少对银行信贷的过度依赖。

At present,the Chinese economy is shifting from a high-speed growth stage to a highquality development stage,which puts new demands on services of commercial banks.Recent years,commercial banks have made some progress in supporting high-quality economic development,however there are still some shortcomings and gaps,mainly in three"mismatches":First,the banking service system structure and the real economy are multi-level and diversified.The demand structure does not match;the second is that the characteristics of emerging industries and small and micro enterprises do not match the traditional credit approval model of banks;third,the bank credit supply capacity does not match the demand of the real economy.From the perspective of the practice of banking services in the United States,Europe,and Japan,commercial banks have the following experience in better serving the real economy:First,they must create a business environment conducive to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises;Third,on the basis of establishing long-term stable relationship with enterprises,focus on strengthening the ability to collect,process and apply information;Fourth,intervene in advance,identify and support promising start-ups;Fifth,innovate the professional capabilities of banks to serve small and medium-sized enterprises with technological means.In recent years,China’s commercial banks have carried out varied innovations in terms of concepts,products and services,technology,expansion and price reduction in the process of serving the real economy.However,there are still many external difficulties in innovation:First,interest rate marketization The final leap has not yet been completed,and it is difficult to achieve the matching of risks and benefits through innovation.Second,the management of local governments and state-owned enterprises is relatively standardized,the information is relatively transparent,and the risk appetite of banks is easy to form inertial thinking.The third is to serve the infrastructure of the real economy.Imperfections,such as information asymmetry and other difficult to crack,the guarantee system is not in place,etc.;Fourth,the lack of experience in how to timely and rationally regulate commercial bank product innovation,resulting in restrictions on the provision of comprehensive financial services for new industries and new kinetic energy enterprises.Based on the analysis,this report proposes the following policy recommendations:First,improve the multi-level capital market.It is recommended to speed up the infrastructure construction of the science and technology board,to drive the entire capital market reform with the science and technology board;to steadily explore and develop the regional equity trading market;to simplify the process of listing and approval of small and medium-sized enterprises,and to open up the transfer channels between different levels of markets to form a The incentive and restraint mechanism for survival of the fittest promotes the healthy development of the capital market.The second is to guide the establishment of a differentiated service structure in the banking industry.Guide large banks to accelerate transformation;urge regional banks to return to their origins and return to the local area;establish financial institutions such as policy banks that support the development of science and technology innovation enterprises and small and micro enterprises;and promote the construction of open banks.The third is to optimize the external ecological environment of commercial banks.Accelerate the"consolidation"reform of interest rate marketization,improve and improve the LPR mechanism;improve and improve the legislative system of small and micro enterprises;improve the basic data system,accelerate the construction of the guarantee system;strengthen policy support,ease the pressure on commercial banks to supplement capital;guide all types of enterprises to improve financial Constraint mechanism to reduce excessive reliance on bank credit.