孤独症儿童洗手行为状况及改善建议——以中山市特殊教育学校为例

Some Suggestions on How to Improve Hand-Washing Behavior of Children with Autism——A Case Study of Zhongshan Special Education School

手是人体接触细菌最多的部位。正确的洗手是儿童自理能力的体现,也是健康生活的保证。孤独症儿童在社交、语言和行为方面存在不同程度和方式的障碍,其洗手行为同样值得关注。笔者对277名特殊儿童(包括孤独症、智力障碍和听力障碍儿童)洗手行为进行问卷调查,选取其中孤独症儿童样本共81份,与特殊儿童总体样本进行比较,得出以下结论:第一,不能独立洗手,洗手方法欠佳。第二,洗手频率不高,洗手时长不够。第三,不愿主动洗手,洗手观念落后。第四,感觉统合失调,家庭教育缺乏。在作出成因分析后,提出四点改善建议:第一,制定个别化教育计划,使用直观的教学用具。第二,遵循由简到繁的原则,重视技能的泛化训练。第三,激发儿童主观能动性,唤醒自我照顾的意识。第四,加强感觉统合的训练,鼓励家庭和学校共育。

Hands are more likely to contact bacteria than any other body parts.Therefore,washing hand properly shows children's independent ability and a guarantee of healthy life.It is up to teachers to focus on the hand-washing behavior of children with autism,since they suffer from the disorders of human communication,language and behaviors to some extents.Based on an investigation of 277 special children(including autistic,dysgnosia and hearing impaired children)by means of questionnaire with 81 children with autism as the subjects,the findings are as follows.Firstly,the children with autism could not wash their hands independently and the hand-washing methods were incorrect.Secondly,the children did not wash their hands frequently enough and the length of washing time was insufficient.Thirdly,they were reluctant to wash their hands voluntarily.Lastly,the children suffered from sensory integration disorder and lack of family education.The solutions as to how to deal with problems include:developing individualized educational plan and using intuitive teaching tools;following the principle of simplicity to complexity,and paying attention to the generalization training of skills;stimulating children's subjective initiative and awakening the sense of self-care;and strengthening the training of sensory integration and encouraging co-parenting both at home and in school.