春秋战国齐量制丛考

Research on the Qi Capacity System in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

针对东周齐量制度演变,学界长期聚讼纷纭。随着近期大量新材料的公布,学界成果频出。排比全部出土齐量实测资料及战国秦汉其他出土与传世文献资料,从宏观的度量衡制度发展史的视野来看,齐量的发展经过了基于粟米比例而形成的大量系统和小量系统两个阶段,其比例为10∶6,二者并行不悖。周王室及各诸侯国多以小量为基本量制系统,但姜齐采用大量系统;田氏改制通过增加量器“鈘”将四量改为“升、豆、鈘、区、釜”五量,其中“升、鈘、釜”三量制度与周秦之“升、斗、石(斛)”一致;其改制动因可能与田氏“工正”之职与度量衡制度日趋统一化的历史总趋势密切相关。

The evolution of the Qi capacity system in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty has long been a subject of controversy,but the recent publication of a large amount of new material has produced numerous research findings.Based on all the data for the Qi quantity and on the excavations dating to the Warring States Period and Qin and Han Dynasties,as well as the documents that have been handed down,the development of the Qi capacity has gone through two stages,from a macroscopic view of the development of the system of weights and measures to the large-scale system and the small-scale system based on the amount of millet with a ratio of 10∶6,both of which are in daily use.The Zhou and its vassal states used the small-scale system mostly as the basic capacity system,while the Jiangqi used a large-scale system.Tian's reform changed the four measures to five measures of“Sheng,Dou,Yi,Qu,Fu”by adding the measure“Yi”,in which the three measures of“Sheng,Yi,Fu”were consistent with the measures of“Sheng,Dou,Dan(Hu)”in Zhouqin.The motivation for the reform may be closely related to the general historical trend of Tian's“Gongzheng”position and the increasing unification of the system of weights and measures.