从出土文献看南“洛水”相关地名的用字变化

Changes in the Use of Place Names Related to the South“Luoshui(洛水)”Based on the Unearthened Documents

历史上有两条“洛水”,一条在陕西境内,称“北洛水”,流入渭河;一条主要在河南境内,称“南洛水”,流入黄河。南洛水及相关地名曾用“雒”字记录,那么何时用“雒”字,为什么要用“雒”字,历来多有争议。魏鱼豢说东汉时因五行忌讳改“洛”为“雒”;清段玉裁说南洛水本来就用“雒”,北洛水才用“洛”,两者区分严格。本文通过对出土文献用字的全面调查,认为在秦朝统一以前,记录南北洛水及相关地名的“洛”都用“洛”字,不用“雒”字。秦占领东周和魏国土地后,才将“洛邑”改为“雒阳”,将“上洛”改为“上雒”,经过“书同文”,“雒”与“洛”分用被进一步规范:北洛水及相关地名仍然用“洛”字,而南洛水及相关地名则用“雒”字。两汉承袭秦代的规范用法,南“雒”北“洛”继续分用。所以段玉裁的说法符合两汉用字实际,只是秦以前并没有分用。而东汉改“洛”为“雒”的说法难以成立,曹魏诏令改字而以汉改字为由,可能只是借口。

Historically,there are two“Luoshui”rivers,one in Shaanxi,called“North Luoshui”,which flows into the Wei River,and another mainly in Henan,called“South Luoshui”,which flows into the Yellow River.South Luoshui and related place names have been recorded using the word“luo”(雒),but when and why to use the word“luo”remains a question.Yu Huan pointed out that Luo(洛)was written as Luo(雒)because of the five-elements taboos in East Han.Duan Yucai thought that the South Luoshui used Luo(雒)and the North Luoshui used Luo(洛)at first to strictly distinguish between the two regions.This article demonstrates through a thorough investigation of the Unearthened Documents that the word used to denote the two Luo rivers was Luo(洛)rather than Luo(雒)before the unification of Qin.After the occupation of Eastern Zhou and Wei,Qin changed Luoyi(洛邑)to Luoyang(雒阳)and Shangluo(上洛)to Shangluo(上雒).The usage of the two words was further normed after the unification of the writing system.The North Luoshui and relatives continued to use Luo(洛),whereas the South Luoshui and relatives used Luo(雒).The Han Dynasty inherited the standard usage of the two words from Qin.Thus,Duan Yuche's statement is in line with the actual use of characters in the Han Dynasty,except that before the Qin Dynasty there was no separate use.It is doubtful that the Eastern Han Dynasty changed the usage of“Luo”,although their rule may have served as an excuse for Wei issuing the edict altering the characters.