骨镞杀伤力的实验考古学研究——以陕西旬邑西头遗址为例

Experimental Archaeological Study on the Lethality of Bone Arrowheads:A Case Study of the Xitou Site in Xunyi,Shaanxi

骨镞是古代社会重要的工具和武器,其对战争及生业模式具有一定的指示意义,不同形制骨镞的功能一直为学界所关注。西头遗址商周时期文化层中出土67件鹿角制成的骨镞,且在形制上存在较大差异。本文以西头遗址出土骨镞为参照,通过射击实验测试不同形制骨镞的杀伤力。实验结果显示双翼镞穿透力及杀伤力最强,可完全射穿猪的肋骨;三棱镞、圆锥状镞杀伤力较强,可射穿猪的肋骨,且三棱镞、圆锥状镞的杀伤力与镞身长度呈正相关。平头镞杀伤力最小,但亦具有一定的杀伤力,可射穿猪的皮、肉。在此基础上,结合西头遗址的地理位置、自然环境与生业模式以及骨镞的使用痕迹,推断西头遗址骨镞的功能为战争、狩猎或弋射之用。本项研究对探讨骨镞背后所反映的生业模式、战争冲突等人类行为信息具有重要意义,同时为将来的研究提供了数据参考。

The bone arrowhead was an important tool and weapon in ancient society,which has certain indicative significance for war and production patterms.The function of different shapes of bone arrowhead has always been concermned by the academic community.There are 67 bone arrowheads made of antlers unearthed from the Shang and Zhou cultural layers at the Xitou site,and there are great diferences in shape.This article takes the bone arrowhead unearthed from the Xitou site as a reference and tests the lethality of different shapes of bone arrowheads through shooting experiments.The experimental results show that the double-winged arrow head has the strongest penetrating power and lethality,which can completely penetrate the ribs of pigs.The three-edged and conical arrowheads have strong lethality and can shoot through the ribs of pigs.And the killing power of three-edged and conical arrowheads is positively correlated with the length of the arrowhead's body.The flat-headed arrowhead has the least lethality,but also has the certain lethality can shoot through the skin and meat of pigs.On this basis,combined with the geographical location,natural environment and production mode of the Xitou site and traces of the use of bone arrowheads,it is inferred that the function of the bone arrowhead at the Xitou site was for warfare,hunting or shooting.This research is of great significance for exploring the information on human behaviors such as business patterns,wars and conflicts reflected behind the bone arrowhead,and at the same time provides data reference for future research.