西藏札达县格布赛鲁墓地2017年出土颅骨的种系研究

Research on the Racial and Systematic Types of Skulls Excavated from the Gebusailu Cemetery in Zanda County,Xizang in 2017

格布赛鲁墓地位于西藏阿里地区札达县,2017年共发掘9座墓葬,出土11具人骨,本文对其中保存较好的5个颅骨进行了种系特征研究。男性个体出自公元前4—前2世纪的土坑墓,面部形态与东亚蒙古人种最接近,并含有一定的南亚因素。女性个体出自公元前16—前11世纪的石室墓,拥有与甘青地区的“古西北类型”人群最相似的颅面形态,同时可能含有少量来自南疆和南亚地区的欧罗巴人种因素。格布赛鲁人群种系来源多样,与周边邻近地区人群均表现出不同程度相似的颅面形态,可能与其地处亚洲腹心,在文化、人群交流中发挥着重要的枢纽作用有关。

Gebusailu cemetery,located in Zanda County,Ngari Prefecture,Xizang,has excavated 9 tombs with 11 human skeletons in 2017.This cemetery is the earliest prehistory graveyard which has been founded in Xizang.Researches on the craniology of the modern Tibetans and studies on the craniofacial morphology and mitochondrial DNA of the ancient residents in Xizang reveal the diversity and complexity of the racial types to them.The analyses of the racial and systematic types of 5 well-preserved skulls(2 males and 3 females)were carried out to explore the origin and spread of the Tibetan residents.The methods referred to the Anthropometric Handbook and Anthropometric Methods.Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 21.0.The males,unearthed from earth-pit tombs from the 4th century B.C.to 2nd century B.C.,were closest to the East Asian type of the Asian Mongoloid while also shared some similarities with the South Asian type.In terms of the time span,the Gebusailu males may be the origin of the modern Tibetan males.Because of the data incompleteness of the males'skulls,the females'skulls were compared.The females,unearthed from stone tombs from the 16th century B.C.to 11th century B.C,had the most similar craniofacial morphology with the Ancient Northwest type of the Mongoloid in Gansu-Qinghai region while also contained some factors of the Europoid from South Xinjiang and South Asia.The truth is,the Gebusailu females displayed much similarities among other ancient residents in Xizang and surrounding regions(e.g.Qinghai,Westerm Sichuan and Yunnan).The results showed that the Gebusailu residents belonged to the Asian Mongoloid with some factors of the Europoid.Compared with the type B of the moderm Tibetan,the Gebusailu ancient residents were relatively similar to the type A.The brachycephalic and chamaecephalic tendency emerging from the Gebusailu residents may represent a unique indigenous characteristic for the ancient populations living in southwest China and Qinghai-Xizang plateau.In terms of the cultural factors,the Gebusailu cemetery showed close connections with the Qugong site in Lhasa and some commonalities among the stone graves cultures,the northern prairie nomadic cultures and cultures in the Xinjiang regions,which suggested the cultural exchanges and population contact among these areas.In conclusion,the diversity of the craniofacial characteristics of the ancient residents in the Gebusailu cemetery were associated with the location of the site,which located in central Asia and acted as a transportation hub.