陕西商洛丹凤县凤冠山石窟调查简报

Brief Report of Fengguanshan Grottoes in Danfeng County,Shangluo,Shaanxi

凤冠山石窟位于陕西省商洛市丹凤县龙驹寨镇西街社区北1千米的凤冠山上,现存17座窟及2个龛。该处石窟是秦岭以南地区开凿的规模大、形制保存较完整的石窟群,其始凿时间大约为明万历时期,盛于清顺治至乾隆时期,嘉庆时期仍有续凿。石窟形制以三面开凿坛基模仿地面佛寺建筑的佛坛窟为主,这些石窟的顶部为平顶,而且都开凿有穹隆形藻井;也有一些小型的佛殿窟及佛坛窟,它们的顶部多为平顶,未见藻井。从历史上看,清代初年,凤冠山附近的龙驹寨已经是一个商贸发达的水旱码头,这为开凿规模巨大的凤冠山石窟奠定了雄厚的经济基础。乾嘉时期也正是清王朝政治安定、经济发达的历史时期,凤冠山石窟正是在这一历史背景下,在前代的基础上又一次进行了较大规模的开凿。

Fengguanshan Grottoes are located on Fengguanshan,lkm north of Xijie community,Longju stockade,Danfeng County,Shangluo City,Shaanxi Province.There are 17 grottoes and 2 niches.The grottoes here are large-scale and well preserved Grottoes excavated in the south of Qinling Mountains.They were first excavated in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty,flourished in the Shunzhi to Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty,and continued to be excavated in the Jiaqing period.The shape of the grottoes is mainly based on the Buddha altar grottoes with altar bases cut on three sides to imitate the ground Buddhist temple buildings.The top of these Grottoes is flat,and there are hemispherical caissons.There are also some small Buddha temple grottoes and Buddha altar grottoes,most of them have flat roofs and no caisson.Historically,in the early Qing Dynasty,Longju stockade near Fengguanshan was already a land-and-water transportation hub with developed commerce and trade,which laid a solid economic foundation for the excavation of Fengguanshan Grottoes.The Qian-Jia period was also a period of political stability and economic development in the Qing Dynasty.Under this historical background,fengguanshan grottoes were once again excavated on a large scale on the basis of the previous gencration.