汉语方言名词构词法的选择与制约

The Choices and Constraints of Word-Formation of Nouns in Chinese Dialects

本文基于28个常用名词考察70个方言点,归纳总结出方言名词构词法(复合法外)的选择及其特点。汉语方言名词构法的选择序列为:A子>A>A_(儿)>AA>AA_(儿)>AA子>A_(儿)A_(儿);优势构词法主要体现为:"A子",单音构词(A),单音儿化构词(A_(儿)),双音重叠构词(AA)。方言名词构词法选择类型的多寡与地理分布明显相关,西南、西北官话选择种类最多,位于南方的方言选择种类少于北方。分析了8大方言及5种官话的名词构词法特点。提出按名词构词法对方言进行分类并做出计量分类尝试,如西南、兰银官话是高度凸显重叠构词法、中度凸显儿化构词法的方言。提出方言构词法的区别特征,"AA子"构词法是兰银官话的区别特征;提出构词法方言的构词法共核,"A_(儿)"构词法是北方官话的构词法共核。

Analyzing 28 commonly used nouns in 70 Chinese dialects,this paper summarizes the choices and features of word-formation of nouns except compounding in Chinese dialects.It lists the sequence as A+zi子>A>A+er儿>AA>AA+er儿>AA+zi子>A+er儿+A+er儿,and the dominating word-formations are A+zi子,the independent monosyllabic word A,the retroflex suffixation of a monosyllabic word A+er儿,and the disyllable overlap word AA.The number of types of the word-formation of nouns in a dialect is apparently related with its distribution.Southwest and Northwest Mandarins holds the most types,and dialects in south China hold fewer types than those in the north.Summarizing features of word-formation of nouns in 8 dialects and 5 Mandarins,this paper tries to classify Chinese dialects according to the word-formation of nouns with measurement method,i.e.Southwest and Lanyin Mandarins are highly overlap prominence and moderate retroflex suffixation prominence dialects.It proposes the distinguishing feature and common core of word-formation.For example,AA+zi子is the distinguishing feature of Lanyin Mandarins,and A+er儿is the common core of northern Mandarins.