贵州西南官话声调的类型特征

The Type Characteristics of Tones in Southwest Mandarins in Guizhou Province

贵州西南官话各调类都有其代表性的拱形,阴平调以平拱形和升拱形为主,平拱形主要分布在贵州西部、北部和东南部,升拱形主要分布在贵州中部、东部和东北部;阳平调和上声调以降拱形为主,只有极少数是升拱形或平拱形;去声调也有彽升(凹)和高升两种主要拱形,前者分布在贵州西部、北部和中部,后者则分布在贵州东南部。入声调有多种拱形,由于方言点数量较少,其地理分布特征不明显。按各调类不同拱形组合,贵州西南官话的调形格局可以分成两型四类调形格局,并在地理上与同属于西南官话的成都方言和重庆方言的调形格局形成相同或相似的调形格局的连续分布。从调形格局演变的角度来看,贵州西南官话的代表性调形格局最有可能发展成"高升—中直降—高弯降—低凹"的格局类型。

Every tone in Southwest Mandarins in Guizhou dialect has its representative arch.Yinping阴平tones are mostly flat and rising arches.The former are mainly in the west,north and southeast of Guizhou province,while the latter are mainly in the central,east and northeast.With very few rising and flat arches,Yangping阳平and Shangsheng上声tones are mostly down arches,which widely distribute throughout Guizhou.Qusheng去声tone are mostly low rising and high rising arches.The former are in the west,north and central part of Guizhou,while the latter are in the southeast.Rusheng入声tone have multiple arches,but the characteristic of geographical distribution is not clear because of their less quantities.The patterns of tone forms of Southwest Mandarins in Guizhou can be described as 2 types and 4 sorts and show a gradual transition in geography with neighboring Chengdu and Chongqing dialects,which are also Southwest Mandarins.From the aspect of evolution,the typical pattern of tone forms of Southwest Mandarins in Guizhou province will most likely be the pattern as high rising-middle straight down-high bending down-low concave.