清末新疆“遣客改土”与兵制改革

The Reform of the Military System of Demobilize Inner Cadastre Soldiers Change to the “Indigenous” Hereditary Soldiers of Xinjiang in the Late Qing Dynasty

清末推行"新政",要求各地按近代西方军队体制编练军队。由于国库空虚、财政状况捉襟见肘,时任新疆巡抚潘效苏变通地实行了遣散客勇改练"土著"世袭兵的兵制改革,其本意为开源节流,开发新疆本地人力、物力资源,但兵制改革不仅未达到预期效果,反而徒增耗费,为边疆安全留下巨大隐患。1906年巡抚联魁上任后基于"遣客改土"的经验和教训,对新疆兵制进行了进一步调整和改革,重新组建新式陆军,并设立边境巡防队,从而使新疆兵制更趋成熟和完备。

The implementation of the"New Deal"in the late Qing Dynasty required that all regions should train their troops according to the modern Western military system.Due to the emptiness of the national treasury and the shortage of the financial situation,pan Xiaosu,the governor of Xinjiang at that time,the reform of the military system of demobilize inner cadastre soldiers change to the"indigenous"hereditary soldiers,which was intended to open up resources and reduce expenditure and develop the local human and material resources in Xinjiang.However,the reform of the military system not only failed to achieve the expected effect,but also increased costs,leaving a huge hidden danger for the security of the border areas.In 1906,the governor Liankui,based on the experience and lessons of the military reform system,the commander of the patrol and the chief of the army further adjusted and reformed the military system of Xinjiang,reorganized the new army,and set up the border patrol and defense team,so as to make the military system of Xinjiang more mature and complete.