“土木堡之变”后明蒙在西北地区角逐的新态势——以固原镇地位之演变为例

The New Momentum of Ming Dynasty and Mongolian Fight in the Northwest Area after the “Coup of Tumu Bao”——A Case Study of Evolution of Guyuan Garrison’s Position

"土木堡之变"后,明、蒙之间在西北地区的角逐和争夺出现新态势,明朝的西北边防政策也随之做出重大调整,固原镇迅速崛起并成为明蒙争夺的新焦点。首先,蒙古入居河套,明朝西北军事边防线向南退缩,固原从内地走向前线,集中表现于蒙古对固原的扰掠和明朝对固原镇的悉心经营。其次,蒙古继续南下,入居青海,从西线侧翼由西向东对明朝进行攻击,使得明朝对固原镇防御体系再做被动调整,但为时已晚。蒙古先占河套,再占青海,看似毫无章法,实则步步为营,导致明朝的甘肃镇已孤悬塞外,失去隔绝蒙藏之战略作用,而固原镇亦受北面和西面之夹击,处于蒙古的"半包围"之中。

The fight and conflict between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolian took a new Momentum in the northwest China after the coup of Tumu Bao.Therefore,The authority of Ming dynasty adjust the frontier policy in northwest area,and Garrison of Guyuan made a rapid rise and became a new focus in the fight.Firstly,Mongolian migrated to the Hetao area,a military frontier shrank toward the south forward,which made Guyuan a new one in the frontier.It mainly conveyed at the robbing to the town by Mongolians and a thorough construction of Guyuan Garrison by the Ming Dynasty.Secondly,the Mongolian went on their southward invasion up to Qinghai province,and attack the Ming Dynasty in the west line from the west to the east,which contributed to the passive adjustment of Guyuan defence system,but it’s too late.The Mongolian initially made an attack to Hetao plain,then Qinghai,the strategy took by Mongolian seemed in a mess,but a rationally one.The outcome of the fight caused the isolation of Gansu Garrison,and lost the military function for hindering the Mongolian and Tibetan,and Guyuan Garrison was under the co-attack from the north and the west,and into the condition of half besieged condition.