從河源到赤嶺:論唐高宗時期吐蕃在隴右的東擴

From the Source of the Yellow River to the Red Mountain——A research on the eastward expansion of Tibetan in western area of the Long Mountain during the regin of Tang Gaozong

每當提起唐高宗在位時期的唐、吐蕃隴右競争^([1]),人們最先想到的往往是發生於咸亨元年(670)的大非川之戰。大非川之戰是高宗時期唐、吐蕃、吐谷渾三方關係中的重大事件。大非川之戰後,吐谷渾徹底失去了復國的希望,吐蕃完全控制了吐谷渾之地,唐朝則因此戰的失敗而在隴右陷入了被動局面。正因爲大非川之戰在唐蕃關係史上具有重要的轉折意義,故此戰一直以來都受到學者們的高度關注,相關研究成果也極爲豐富^([2])。

Due to the Tibetan eastward expansion,the border of the sphere of influence between the Tang Dynasty and Tibet changed during the reign of Emperor Gaozong高宗.Before the fourth year of Xianqing顯慶四年(659),the source of the Yellow River in today's Erling Lake鄂陵湖and Zhaling Lake扎陵湖served as the border marker.The kingdom of Tuyuhun吐谷渾at the east of the source of the river belonged to the sphere of influence of Tang.After the Battle of Wuhai烏海in the fourth year of Xianqing,Tibetan began to expand eastward.After defeating Tuyuhun in the third year of Longshuo龍朔三年(663),Tibetan expanded to the Dafei Plain大非川area.After the Battle of Dafei Plain,Tibetan established its control over Tuyuhun and the battling area between Tang and Tibet moved eastward to the east of Qinghai Lake青海湖.After the Battle of Qinghai in the third year of Yifeng儀鳳三年(678),Tibetan captured the Red Mountain(Chiling赤嶺),and the main battlefield moved further eastward to the Huang River湟水where belonged to the territory directly controlled by Tang.After the Battle of Qinghai,the Tang Dynasty began to set garrison and deployed a large number of troops at the western area of the Long Mountain隴右.At the last years of Emperor Gaozong,Tang eventually drove the Tibetan forces out of the Red Mountain and the Red Mountain served as a border marker between the two empires.