從“家庭户”到“納税户”:论南北朝至唐前期“户”的内涵變動

From Family Household to Taxpaying Household:A Study on the Transformation of Connotation of“Household”from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty

一、引言:“家”與“户”的分野中古時期的家庭形態問題是中古社會史研究的重要議題之一,長期以來得到學界高度關注,成果頗豐^([1])。然而既有研究議題仍存在一些缺憾。具體表現是:多關注私法領域的“同居”概念、分家制度等議題,較爲忽視家庭形態變動在公法領域的意義。日本學者滋賀秀三曾敏鋭地指出,中國古代“法的原則是儘可能想把作爲社會性的現實的私家的家,還要作爲一户來把握”,家在公法意義上就是國家權力掌握人民的單位——户。這也正是唐《户令》“諸户主皆以家長爲之”呈現出的國家立法意圖^([2])。

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties,family家and household户had the same meaning in the exemption of levies蠲免.This indicated the households were family households.In the early Tang,this cohabitation of family members continued.After Empress Wu seized the title of emperor,many cohabitating family households were separated.Under the reign of Emperor Xuanzong玄宗,households transformed from family households to taxpaying households.This undermined the government's effectiveness to register the population and collect poll tax.The government then strengthened its control over households to ensure the collection of taxes.