唐前期軍賞機制中“賞功”與“酬勤”的合離——兼探軍賞官階對選官秩序的影響

A Study on the Relationship between the Practice of Military Reward and the Evolution of the Order of Promotion in the First Half of Tang Dynasty

軍賞是指面向將士和其他軍務輔助人員的賞賜,以褒獎戰功、酬償勤績。所謂“旌勞顯庸,録勤聳善,報之以封爵,寵之以名秩,賫之以金帛,賜之以車服”的衆多軍賞舉措[1],可歸爲官階賞賜和物質賞賜兩種基本類型。一般認爲,唐前期徵兵制下的軍賞以官階賞賜爲主,而後期募兵制下較爲切實的是物質賞賜[2]。

Since the early Tang Dynasty,conscripted soldiers received different rewards according to their military contribution and seniority respectively.The practice of reward constantly transformed due to the change of frontier circumstances and this also led to the evolution of the order of promotion.In the era of Emperor Taizong太宗,soldiers were rewarded of being exempt from paying tax of labour for their seniority and were remunerated by titles of honorary official(xunguan勳官)for their contribution.Since the war against Goguryeo,honorary titles were also rewarded to senior soldiers.Thus a large number of soldiers received honorary titles and this became very problematic during the reign of Emperor Gaozong高宗because people with honorary titles have a right to become functioning officials(zhiguan職官).To maintain the effective selection of functional officials,the practice of military reward was once suspended.Gaozong eventually ended the suspension of military rewards for boosting morale,but the Tang government weakened the right for soldiers who have titles of honorary officials to become functioning officials as well.After Xuanzong玄宗firmly replaced conscription by establishing a recruitment system,properties and martial functioning official titles were rewarded to soldiers for their contribution and seniority respectively.With many soldiers receiving martial functioning official titles,these titles were stressed more on their ranking than the actual job.The reforms not only transformed the practice of military reward but also had a profound influence on state formation and operation mechanism.