從西南蠻封爵看8世紀雲南地區:以《爨公墓誌》爲綫索

On the Regional Society of 8^(th) Century Yunnan——From Enfeoffment to Southwestern Ethnic Groups:An Analysis Based on the Epitaph of Lord Cuan

在唐帝國的周邊存在着許多以國家、民族集團爲形式的政治勢力。某些勢力在與唐建立交流或内附時,被唐帝國賜予官職、爵位等。在唐代的對外關係中有比作"父子""兄弟"等的親屬關係,以及比較常見的朝貢關係,而賜予爵位並封建其爲外藩(册封)則是十分常見的一種方式。以册封爲媒介的"外交"關係早已爲前人學者所廣泛討論,而體現在唐帝國秩序内的地位的稱號——爵位.

This article analyzes the social and political structure of 8^(th)century Yunnan雲南based on Epitaph of Lord Cuan(Cuangong Muzhi《爨公墓誌》).Enfeoffment(Cefeng of non-Han chiefs or kings during the Tang唐Dynasty was an important part of the Tributary system.Lord Cuan belonged to the Cuan clan,a local leading clan in Eastern Yunnan region authorized by the Tang Empire.But the Cuan clan had a close relationship with the turmoil in Yunnan and the Nanzhao南詔rebellion against Tang during the mid-8^(th)century.According to the epitaph,Lord Cuan Zihua爨子華and his ancestors held a peerage called Prefecture Prince of Nanning(Nanning Junwang南寧郡王).Presumably,the first case of Nanning Junwang dated back before Kaiyuan開元era,when military tensions between the Tang Dynasty in China and Tibet intensified.At the time,pro-Tang local ethnic groups were increasingly encouraged and supported by the Tang Dynasty to overwhelm nearby pro-Tibet groups.Finally,two leaders gained control and were invested as princes:Nanzhao in Western Yunnan(Dali大理)and the Cuan chief in Eastern Yunnan(Diandong滇東).In the late 740 s,however,Cuan clans were weakened by internal turmoils,and Nanzhao forced them to leave Diandong by the 760 s.Cuan Zihua’s father,Cuan Guiwang爨歸王,was a chief of the Cuan clan in the 740 s and also held the post of Nanning Junwang.However,Shouyu守隅,another Guiwang’s offspring,moved to Dali and eventually joined Nanzhao.On the contrary,when Cuan Zihua migrated to Sichuan before the 780 s,the Tang Empire,regarded him as the key to reclaiming Yunnan as part of the imperial regime and confirmed him as the nominal Nanning Junwang.But Zihua failed to reconquer Yunnan.When Wei Gao韋臯was appointed as the Military Commissioner of West Jiannan(Jiannan Xichuan jiedushi劍南西川節度使)in 785,the Tang Empire attempted to renew the governmental system as a whole.At the same time,Nanzhao and other ethnic groups around Yunnan intended to get rid of Tibetan influence.Their interactions caused a change in the Cefeng system through peerages in Yunnan:Tang re-enfeoffed Nanzhao as Prince to rule over all Yunnan and certified other powerful chiefs as the lower rank of Prefecture Prince.At last,the Tang Dynasty recreated the peerages of the southwestern chiefs based on the existing social order and geographical spread,and nominal“princes"no longer had any role.