杜甫弃官奔秦州原因再探析

A Further Analysis of the Reasons Why Du Fu Abandoned his Official Post and Went to Qinzhou

杜甫乾元二年(759)七月从华州弃官,举家奔秦州,这是杜甫人生的重大转折点。自两《唐书》杜甫本传的记载和宋代学者的讨论开始,学界有关杜甫弃官奔秦州的原因的探讨形成了五种说法,分别是"关辅大饥说""政治失望说""因人远游说""与上司不合说""罢官说"。其中"关辅大饥说"和"政治失望说"是最通达的说法,政治失望是杜甫弃官的内因,关辅大饥是杜甫弃官的外因。然而在这些探讨中,"关辅大饥"这个外因稍显薄弱,关辅大饥可以直接导致百姓奔逃,但是并不能直接导致官员奔逃。杜甫弃官华州奔秦陇的原因与乾元二年三月之后史思明叛军再次蹂躏中原,兵烽再度逼近潼关有直接关联。由于此时正值唐朝平叛的低谷时期,杜甫担心叛军再次攻入潼关,担心华州再次沦陷,故而提前弃官西逃。这从杜甫《赠王二十四侍御契四十韵》一首诗中的"不关轻绂冕,但是避风尘"一句可以得到印证。对于安史之乱战争形势的忧惧是杜甫选择离开华州的直接外因,"避战争风尘"说则是杜甫弃官的另一个外因。

In July 759,Du Fu abandoned his official post in Huazhou and went to Qinzhou with his family.This was a major turning point in Du Fu’s life.Since the records of Du Fu’s biography in the two books of Tang Dynasty and the discussions among scholars in Song Dynasty,there are five opinions on the reasons of Du Fu’s abandoning his official post and going to Qinzhou.The reason for Du Fu’s abandonment of his official position in Huazhou was directly related to the fact that after March of the second year of Qianyuan,Shi Siming’s rebels once again ravaged the central area,and the war again approached Tongguan.At this time,Du Fu was worried that the rebels would invade Tongguan again and Huazhou would fall again,so he abandoned his official in advance and fled to the West.This can be confirmed by the sentence"not to care about the crown,but to stay away from the wind and dust"in Du Fu’s poem.The direct external cause of Du Fu’s choice of leaving Huazhou was his fear of the situation of An Lushan Rebellion.Another external cause of Du Fu’s abandonment was the theory of"avoiding the wind and dust of war".