留居守宫、委寄重任:唐代的大明宫留守

Stay to Guard the Palace,Delegated to Important Tasks:A Study on the Regency in Daming Palace in the Tang Dynasty

留守,是中国古代帝王离开京都时委派重臣镇守、维持正常秩序而设置的一种职官,它的产生与中国古代政治中心的多元化有着密切的关系。留守,最早出现在西周,秦汉、魏晋南北朝时期有进一步的发展^([1])。至唐代,留守之制更加成熟,留守的设置常态化,类型多样,职能明确,成为王朝职官制度的重要内容。有唐一代,不仅在京师长安、东都洛阳和北都太原设置有留守,而且还设置过宫城留守、皇城留守和诸陵留守等。大明宫作为长安城三大内之一,是唐朝皇帝居住时间最长的皇宫,皇帝离开时也设置有留守。目前,学界关于唐代留守的研究主要集中在东都留守^([2])、京师留守^([3])和北都留守^([4]),对宫城留守、皇城留守和诸陵留守也已有过研究^([1]),而对大明宫留守虽有所涉及^([2]),但尚无专文,已有研究仅就个别人担任大明宫留守进行过简单的讨论,尚无对唐代大明宫留守的发展演变进行系统研究,认识上也存在诸多不足之处。

Darning Palace is one of the three imperial palaces in Chang’an City.In the late Tang Dynasty,emperors often lived there,so it became the most important political center.In the first year of Guangde Reign(763),when the Emperor Daizong fled to Shaanzhou,he appointed Cui Lvsu as the first Regency in Darning Palace.Since then,eleven people have been appointed to the Regency in Darning Palace when the emperor left the Palace after Chang’an suffered war or the death of the former emperor and empress dowager.The Regency in Darning Palace in the Tang Dynasty controled some military power and administrative power.Its main function was to protect the safety of the Darning Palace,temporarily handle daily affairs instead of the emperor,and repair the Darning Palace.It can also set officials such as Tuiguan as its assistants.The Regency in Darning Palace in the Tang Dynasty has three characteristics.Firstly,it appeared in the late Tang Dynasty.Secondly,people as regency are mainly Shangshu Sheng officials,occasionally eunuchs or military generals.Thirdly,the functional focus changes with the evolution of the political situation.The setting of regency in Darning Palace reflects the improvement of the Darning Palace’s status,and the instability of Chang’an’s political situation,so the emperor strengthened his control of the Darning Palace in the late Tang Dynasty.