摘要
义儿是唐末五代强藩争霸天下的重要军事力量,朱温、李克用、李茂贞、王建等人都曾畜养大批义儿^([1])。对于河东集团的义儿问题,前人研究甚夥^([2]),但注意力都被放在义儿的类型、性质以及作用上,较少论及李克用义儿的由来及其对李存勖的影响^([3])。如日本学者栗原益男将唐末五代的假子分为集团型和个人型,前者为主帅的私人亲卫队,属于奴隶的无主体者;后者则系家父长关系的深化,可分为“家僮帐下型”与“武将降将型”。个人型假子中,“家僮帐下型”具有较强的隶从性。在谈到李克用的义儿军时,栗原氏怀疑其具有集团型假子的性格^([1])。宇野春夫则认为,“家僮帐下型”是李克用时代义儿模式的主要特点^([2])。以上的分析思路虽极具启发意义,但却将李克用的义儿视为一成不变的整体,忽略了义儿群的前后变化及其功能转捩。转变思路,深入历时性的考察之中,有利于展现沙陀李氏驭儿之道的变化线索。
At the end of the Tang Dynasty,the strong military commissioner raised many adopted sons,among which the most famous one was Li Keyong’s“Yier Army”.In the fourth year of Zhonghe(884),after Li Keyong returned to Hedong with the suppression of Huang Chao,he carried out a name giving activity marked by the word“Cun”.The“Yier Army”established on this basis was quite private.During the reign of Qianning,taking the opportunity of external war,Li Keyong adopted another group of people marked by the word“Si”to balance the adopted sons of“Cun”.These people do not have the identity of adopted sons,which reflects the efforts of Shatuo group to build a combat community.In the fifth year of Tianyou(908),Li Keyong died and Li Cunxu succeeded to the throne of king of Jin.Then,he began to attack the power holders represented by Li Kening and Li Sizhao.At the same time,Li Cunxu began to rectify the adopted sons left by his father and install new people in the bodyguard army,so as to dilute the role of his adopted brothers.So far,the adopted sons of Hedong group successfully survived the succession crisis of throne and became an important force of the founding of the Later Tang Dynasty.
