唐宪宗“元和中兴”的政治语境

The Political Context of Yuanhe Restoration by the Emperor Xianzong in the Tang Dynasty

“中兴”作为一种政治术语,在唐代不同时期具有不同的政治语境。张达志考察唐中宗在恢复李唐、禁言“中兴”背后,“完成了由肩负中兴使命的圣君到重拾亲情伦常的人子的角色转换”[1]。安史之乱后,唐由盛转衰,首都长安数次落入敌手,因而“中兴”背后具有了克服危机、恢复祖宗基业、强调政治合法性的因素[2]。王炳文针对中晚唐“安史之乱”的建构指出,肃代时期将两京光复上升到了国运中兴的历史高度,而这一“中兴”隐喻,经代、德两帝官方定调,最终变成了肃宗中兴唐室、代宗继以完成的转折点[3]。可见,安史之乱后“中兴”一词是危机意识下的产物,植根于唐代后期的政治环境。

On the basis of rethinking the tolerant policies of Dali(大历)and Zhenyuan(贞元)reigns,the emperor and officials of Yuanhe Reign used the law to purge the military governors,reformed the bad governance,and opened the“Zhongxing”(中兴)Prosperity.With the effect of military action and a series of policies to revitalize the central government and suppress military governors,the content of Emperor Xianzong’s“Zhongxing”gradually enriched and finally shaped the political image of“Wangdao Zhongxing”(王道中兴).There are two meanings about“Zhongxing”:“Wangdao Zhongxing”,which emphasized the revival after the decline under the premise that the dynasty was not interrupted.“Wangye Zhongxin”(王业中兴),which emphasized the reconstruction after the dynasty was interrupted.However,the emperor's“Zhongxing”of the Tang Dynasty mainly referred to the“Wangye Zhongxing'and was revolutionary before the Yuanhe period.Emperor Xianzong and his officials proposed to combine virtue with their ancestors,traced back to Zhenguan(贞观)and Kaiyuan(开元)reign,and completed the career that the emperors before Xianzong had not achieved since the Anshi Rebellion.Meanwhile the discourse of“Zhongzong Zhongxing”(中宗中兴)was rejected in politics.Therefore the discourse of“Yuanhe Zhongxing”(元和中兴)implied that Emperor Xianzong was the first person of‘Zhongxing”in the Tang Dynasty,and“W angdao Zhongxing”had gradually developed into a political discourse alongside“Wangye Zhongxing”