“大鱼骨”与“如意珠”:唐代东亚的鲸认知与鲸制品利用

“Great Fish Bone” and “Cintamani”(“如意珠”):Whaling and Utilization of the Whale Products in East Asia in the Tang Dynasty

一、问题缘起:"鲸鲵"与"鲸鲵鱼睛"据《册府元龟·外臣部》记载:"(开元七年)八月,大拂涅靺鞨遣使献鲸鲵鱼睛、貂鼠皮、白兔猫皮。"[1]《新唐书·黑水靺鞨传》亦载:"拂涅,亦称大拂涅,开元、天宝间八来,献鲸睛、貂鼠、白兔皮。"[2]据此可知,靺鞨拂涅部曾于唐玄宗开元、天宝年间向唐朝进贡,而在其开元七年(719)八月的贡品名目中,赫然出现了"鲸鲵鱼睛",该贡物在《新唐书·黑水靺鞨传》中被称为"鲸睛"。这里所谓"鲸鲵",现存文献中最早见于《左传》。

According to the Xin Tang Shu(《新唐书》)and Ce Fu Yuan Gui(《册府元龟》),the Funie tribe of Mohe people paid tributes“Whale Eyes”to the Tang court,which revealed the clues about the whaling and utilization of the whale products in East Asia in the Tang Dynasty.By analyzing the literature,image data and physical evidence on whaling and utilization of the whale products in the Tang Dynasty,Japan,the Korean Peninsula,the area around the Sea of Okhotsk and the coastal area of the Northeastern Sea of Japan,it revealed that the relationship between the"great fish","Jingni"(“鲸鲵”),"Jing"and"Haiqiu"(“海䲡”),which were recorded in the East Asian literature of the Tang Dynasty,and whales in biology.Meanwhile,it showed the utilization and spread of the whale products such as whale bones,baleen and whale eyes in East Asia in the Tang Dynasty.