摘要
引言唐文宗开成五年(840)黠戛斯进军漠北回鹘牙帐,击溃了回鹘,并积极派遣使者向唐朝汇报击溃回鹘之事,试图恢复与唐朝一度中断的交聘关系。在此过程中,黠戛斯四度派遣使者前往唐朝,带来朝贡物品和交聘文书,唐朝亦发给黠戛斯四封文书予以回复。黠戛斯提交至唐的交聘文书虽已不复存在,但唐朝发给黠戛斯的文书却被收录在会昌年间(841—846)的宰相李德裕的文集之中。面对击溃了漠北称雄百余年的回鹘的黠戛斯,唐朝在与之交往初期,必然持有较高的警惕心,在接待其使者及回复交聘文书等问题方面亦慎之又慎。那么,这些留存至今的文书是如何撰写成文并最终以何种顺序交到黠戛斯使者手中的呢?这个问题也是我们研究唐代交聘文书过程中不可忽视的重要一环。
During the Huichang Era,Kirghiz sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for four times after the defeat of Uighurs.During this process,the Tang Dynasty granted four diplomatic documents issued by the Tang emperor to the Kirghiz ruler and drafted these diplomatic documents cautiously,which was described in part of the extant historiography.Despite the importance of this event in the diplomatics study of the Tang Dynasty,the related sources have not be annalyzed in detail.An analysis of the documents concerning Kirghiz are collected in Huichang yipin ji(《会昌一品集》)which reveals that diplomatic documents brought by the Kirghiz envoys were not written in Chinese,but translated into Chinese by official translators of the Imperial Secretariat(Zhongshu sheng)before being submitted to the emperor.During the late Tang period,the diplomatic documents would be drafted by chancellors,drafters of proclamations(Zhizhigao),secretariat clerks(Zhongshu sheren)or scholars of the Hanlin Imperial Academy and even the prime minister.When the chancellor was ordered to draft a diplomatic document,he would receive an imperial directive,then made a draft based on the result of other ministers’conference with the foreign diplomats,resulting in a manuscript that would be submitted to the emperor.In the case of the documents sent to the Kirghiz,the original manuscripts were authored by the chancellor Li Deyu(according to Huichang Yipin Ji)and rewritten with amendments proposed by Emperor Wuzong before being issued to the Kirghiz.
