南非开普科伊桑人的渔业生计与身份认同

Fishery Livelihood and Identity Issues of the Cape Khoisan People in South Africa

开普科伊桑人原住民问题是南非种族关系研究的重要议题。作为南部非洲历史上最早遭遇欧洲殖民者的原住民族,开普科伊桑人濒临灭绝,幸存者被白人政权归类于带有浓厚外来移民色彩的"有色人"种族范畴,造成原住民认同的混淆与消解。基于海洋保护区建设与所谓"海洋保育"的需要,开普科伊桑人的传统渔业生计受到限制,并被扣上"偷猎者"的污名化身份标签,环境种族主义问题恶化。近年来,随着种族和解的深入与原住民运动的兴起,南非政府开始承认并赋予开普科伊桑人渔业捕捞权利,并通过小规模渔业政策等途径推动原住民社区自治,渔业生计的合法化促进了原住民身份认同的重构。

The issue of the indigenous Cape Khoisan people is an important topic in the study of South Africa’s race relations.As the first indigenous people to encounter the European colonists in the history of Southern Africa,the Cape Khoisan people were on the edge of extinction,and the survivors were classified by the White regime as the"Colored"with a strong immigrant distinction,thus causing confusion and dissolution of their indigenous identity.In addition,due to the need of the so-called"marine conservation",the Cape Khoisan fishermen’s traditional fishery livelihood had been restricted,and they had been labeled as"poachers",hence worsening the problem of environmental racism.In recent years,with the deepening of racial reconciliation and the rising of the indigenous movement,the South African government began to recognize and give fishing rights to Khoisan fishermen,and is promoting the autonomy of the Khoisan communities through the Small-Scale Fishery policy among others.The legalization of fishery livelihood is now encouraging the reconstruction of indigenous identity of the Cape Khoisan people.