奥斯曼帝国时期境内库尔德问题的历史演变

A Study on the Historical Evolution of the Kurdish Issue during the Ottoman Empire

奥斯曼帝国时期,其境内的库尔德问题经过了复杂的历史演变过程。自16世纪开始,奥斯曼政府根据米勒特体制对其境内的少数族群实行了宽松的管控政策,库尔德人也享受到了"半自治"的特权待遇;从19世纪开始,奥斯曼帝国危机加剧,中央政府对境内库尔德人的政策也进行了相应的调整,先后废除了库尔德人享有的特权地位,结果导致了库尔德人的武装大暴动。哈米德二世时期,奥斯曼政府在镇压奥比杜拉武装暴动的同时,也开始整合亲奥斯曼政府的部分库尔德部落武装,建立了哈米迪耶骑兵旅以维护边界秩序与安全。20世纪初青年土耳其革命的爆发为现代意义上库尔德民族意识的生成提供了机遇和条件。库尔德人的现代民族意识在一战前已然得到了充分的觉醒、培育与发展。经过一战的洗礼,库尔德人的民族独立意识开始逐渐走向成熟。一战不仅直接导致了奥斯曼库尔德斯坦的直接分治,而且为现代库尔德民族主义运动的勃兴埋下了因子,对中东地区和平与稳定产生了深远的历史影响。

The Kurdish issue during the Ottoman Empire went through a complex historical evolution.Under the Millard system,the Ottoman government exercised a loose control over the ethnic minorities within its boundary since the 16th century,when the Kurds enjoyed"semi-autonomous"privileges.In the 19th century,when crises were intensifying in the empire,the Ottoman government began to adjust its policy toward the Kurds,hence abolishing the privilege status of the Kurds,which led to armed uprisings of the Kurds.In the period of Abdullah HamidⅡ,the Ottoman government began to integrate some pro-government Kurdish tribal armed forces,while suppressing the armed uprising led by Shaykh Ubaydallah,and established the Hamidiye Light Cavalry to preserve order and security along the border.In the early 20th century,the outbreak of the Young Turkish Revolution provided opportunities and conditions for the emergence of Kurdish national awareness.The modern national awareness of the Kurds was already awakened,nurtured and developed before the First World War.During the war,the Kurdish sense of national independence began to reach maturity gradually.The First World War not only resulted directly in the partition of the Ottoman Kurdistan,but also laid a foundation for the rise of modern Kurdish nationalism,thus exerting a profound and far-reaching impact on regional peace and stability in the Middle East.