秦基层政治生态管窥:以“尉史‘文’詈‘赵’案”为中心

A Glimpse into the Grassroots Political Ecology of Qin Dynasty:A Case Study of“the Incident of Yushi Wen’s Insulting of Zhao”

“尉史‘文’詈启陵乡‘赵’”一案发生于公元前219年的秦迁陵县启陵乡。启陵乡啬夫“赵”鉴于“文”作为军事系统吏员的特殊地位,将棘手的“送鸟”事务交予其完成。但由于责任重大、且迁陵县同年在处理同样发生于启陵乡的“送马”案时存在严重不公,故“文”拒绝执行指令,并对“赵”进行威胁与辱骂,遭到“赵”的关押。以此管窥,一方面,迁陵县等新占领地的统治权力正在从军吏逐渐转移到文吏手中,文官制度逐步确立;另一方面,权势的有无、大小是影响秦基层政权司法公正的重要因素,形单影孤或者失势的吏员更容易遭受权力的滥用与不公正的对待。中央集权制度下,如这些缺陷难以得到弥补与修正,则会孕育帝国新的统治危机。

“The Incident of Yushi Wen’s insulting of Zhao”occurred in 219BC,at Qiling Township,Qianling County of the Qin Dynasty.In view of the special status of“Wen”as Yushi—an official in the military system,the chief of Qiling town,“Zhao”,entrusted him with the thorny task of“sending the tribute birds”.However,due to the heavy responsibility and the serious injustice of Qianling County in handling a similar“delivering horses”case that also occurred in Qiling Township that year,“Wen”refused to carry out the orders and threatened and insulted“Zhao”,leading to his imprisonment.Through this incident,it is revealed that,on the one hand,the ruling power in newly occupied territories like Qianling County was gradually shifting from military officials to civil officials,and the civil official system was gradually established.On the other hand,the presence or absence of power and its magnitude were important factors affecting the judicial justice in the grassroots political power of Qin.Officials who were isolated or out of favor were more prone to be the victim of power abuse and unfair treatment.Under the centralized governance system,if these defects were not remedied and corrected,they would give rise to new crises to the imperial rule.