试探祆教的中国化——以入华粟特人墓葬为中心

Researching the Sinicization of Zoroastrianism:Focusing on the Tombs of Sogdians in China

祆教是粟特地区的本土宗教,并在汉唐时期随着入华粟特人的东迁而传入中国。祆教传入中国后,在主要以儒、释、道三教以及民间信仰和传统文化的基础上逐渐中国化:对儒家从孝道、仁爱、诚信、妇德、忠君事主思想的吸取到六经、礼教谙熟,并参加科举,为将为官;对佛教是从生死轮回思想等教义的接纳;在描绘祆教神祇时考虑了道教老子的形象,同时对道教的清静无为、寄情山水也充满向往;对汉地的民间信仰和传统文化也有所吸纳。在中古时期入华粟特人的墓葬中,祆教中国化特征较为明显。中国化后祆教逐渐被同化,并最终消失。

Zoroastrianism,the native religion of the Sogdians,was introduced into China along with the business and immigration of Sogdian merchants during the Han and the Tang Dynasties.After its introduction,Zoroastrianism is gradually Sinicized on the basis of Confucianism,Buddhism,and Taoism,as well as the folk beliefs and the traditional Chinese culture.It absorbed the Confucian ideas of filial piety,benevolence,integrity,women’s virtues,and loyalty,as well as integrated with the six classics and the ritual education,highlighting the career path of becoming a general or official through the Imperial Examinations;It accepted the Buddhist doctrines such as the cycle of life and death and other ideas;It also borrowed the image of Laozi of Daoism when depicting Zoroastrian deities,and was full of longing for Daoism tranquility and landscapes.Meanwhile,it also integrated into itself the folk beliefs and traditional culture of the central China.The signs of its sinicization are rather distinctive in the tombs of the Sogdians who entered China in the mediaeval times.After that the religion was gradually assimilated into the China culture and eventually disappeared.