禁反言原则与仲裁协议效力扩张:以持续履行和参与谈判为视角

仲裁协议是仲裁管辖的基石,仲裁协议通常要求书面形式,即通过签订合同或者信函往来的方式予以体现。但在特定情况下,非签约方特定言行也可能因为违背禁反言原则要求,而被认定受仲裁协议约束。然而,关于持续履行合同和参与谈判是否构成仲裁协议效力扩张的禁反言情形,不同国家对此问题存在截然不同的立场和观点。在对此类案件进行判断时,既不能拘泥于仲裁协议的书面形式,又要维护仲裁的合意属性,着重于从非签约方的言行判断其是否具有同意仲裁的意思。同时,司法裁判中应当更加尊重仲裁庭对事实的查明及判断,并避免僵化理解、适用仲裁协议独立性原则。

Arbitration agreement is widely accepted as the cornerstone of arbitration jurisdiction,which always takes the form of a signed agreement or exchange of correspondences.Nonetheless,there can be some scenarios where the arbitration agreement can be extended to non-signatories under the estoppel doctrine,while divergent stances and opinions are employed regarding the extension of arbitration agreement to non-signatories under estoppel principle by way of consistent performance and the participation into negotiation.While deciding non-signatories issue concerning estoppel,adjudicators shall avoid a rigid understanding about the"in writing"formation of arbitration agreement and guard the consent nature of arbitration.At the same time,judiciaries shall be differential to the fact-finding power of tribunal,and avoid a dogmatic application of separability principle.