社会自治处罚的法治悖反、制度回应与规制路径

Penalties in Social Self-Governance, Corresponding Institutional Response and Regulation

社会自治是国家治理体系的重要内容。实践中,社会自治组织频繁运用与行政处罚相当的处罚方式维护自治秩序,时有侵犯公民基本权利的情形发生,行政法应予以关注。社会自治组织设定和实施具有行政处罚属性的处罚有其民主正当性,是自治内在逻辑与自治管理的必然要求,但是由于和我国现行《行政处罚法》存在冲突,其合法性饱受质疑。面对涌现已久的社会自治处罚,《行政处罚法》应当适当调整以回应社会自治的治理之需并对其加以规范。在国家治理体系现代化与新行政法发展的时代背景下,未来《行政处罚法》之修改,应超越传统予以制度回应,有条件地允许社会自治组织设定和实施"行政处罚",并从处罚设定、处罚实施、处罚救济3个环节进行法律规制,建构起兼顾社会自治自主性与保障公民权利的社会自治处罚制度。

Social self-governance is an important part of national governance system.In practice,social self-governance institutions often give penalties equivalent to administrative punishments to maintain order,but sometimes violate the basic rights of citizens.The administrative law should pay regard to this phenomenon.Social self-governance institutions introducing and giving penalties with attributes of administrative punishments is democratically legitimate and necessary for the inherent logic and administration of self-governance.However,the legitimacy of these penalties are questioned as they conflict with the Administrative Penalty Law of China.To address the long-standing penalties in social self-governance,we need to adjust the current Administrative Punishment Law in response to the rectification regulation of social self-governance.With the modernization of national governance system and the development of new administrative law,in the revision of the Administrative Penalty Law,we should defy tradition and make institutional response,allowing for conditional introduction of"administrative penalties"by social self-governance institutions,and regulating the three aspects of penalty establishment,penalty implementation and penalty relief,so as to build a social self-governance penalty system that gives due attention to both the autonomy of self-governance and the protection of civil rights.