科技冷战与苏联核中心——以第1011研究所为例

The Technological Cold War and the Soviet Nuclear Center:The Case of the 1011th Institute

冷战时期,苏联先后建立的两座“核中心”是实施核计划,研制核武器的重要基地。其中,1954年建立的第1011研究所与此前的第11设计院一道,成为同美国展开核竞赛的科技双星。其在开展核研究、组织核试验与参与核部署方面发挥了重要作用,并在核人才培养方面成为“原子科学家的摇篮”。考察冷战时期苏联核中心的发展历程,对研究苏联核科技水平、美苏军备竞赛及核试验视域下的冷战环境史均有独特的理论价值。尽管长期面临美国的技术封锁和强力竞争,核中心参与科技冷战的历史证明了其技术水平的先进性,组织形式的有效性和人才培养模式的合理性,研制核武器造成的生态伦理代价则需要重新评估。

During the Cold War,the two“nuclear centers”established by the Soviet Union successively were important bases for the implementation of nuclear programs and the development of nuclear weapons.Among them,the No.1011 Research Institute established in 1954,together with the previous No.11Design Institute,had become a scientific and technological double star in the nuclear competition with the United States.It has played an important role in conducting nuclear research,organizing nuclear tests and participating in nuclear deployment,and has become the“cradle of atomic scientists”in the cultivation of nuclear talents.Despite the long-term technical blockade and strong competition from the United States,the history of the nuclear center’s participation in the Cold War of science and technology has proved its advanced technological level,the effectiveness of its organizational form and the rationality of its talent training model.However,the ecological and ethical costs of developing nuclear weapons need to be reassessed.