唐宋之际官人职役制度的演变

The Institutional Evolution of Guanren Zhiyi Between the Tang and Song Dynasties

唐前期供官员个人驱使的“官人职役”在唐后期转化为手力课,官员原则上应以课钱雇募驱使人力,不再征派现役。然而,在唐后期中央与地方分权的背景下,雇募官人职役的办法仅在京官范围内得到较好的落实,缺乏监督的地方官群体则不免存在额外加派的现象,一些拥有辟署权的藩镇使府与地方州郡也衍生出多种幕职化的官人驱使。五代时期,京官层面继续维持雇募官人职役的现状,同时逐步将地方实存的额外征派予以规范化与制度化,削弱幕职化官人驱使的召辟性与军事性。宋初延续京官以雇募为主、地方官以征派为主的格局,进一步整合幕职、州县官两套体系中的官员驱使之职,将其归并为新的官人职役体系。唐宋之际官人职役在制度中的消弭与复现是官员利益与朝廷制度间的博弈与权衡,体现了中央与地方关系的更迭与转折,也蕴含着朝廷规制与财政运行实态的磨合与调适。

Guanren Zhiyi(官人职役),attendants of officials,which was both a position and a corvee service,was transformed into Shoulike in the late Tang dynasty.In principle,officials must use their own salaries to employ the attendants,rather than conscript them.However,under the background of the separation of powers between central and local governments in the late Tang dynasty,the method of hiring official attendants was only effectively implemented among the capital officials.The lack of supervision over local officials inevitably led to the phenomenon of increasing levies.Some counties and prefectures with the power to recruit and appoint assistants also developed various forms of official positions that resembled the system of official attendants.The practice of capital officials hiring and recruiting Guanren Zhiyi was sustained during the Five Dynasties,and the existing additional levies at the local Level were gradually standardized and institutionalized,weakening the calling up and military nature of the official attendants.In the early Song dynasty,the pattern continued from the previous period,further integrating the“serving and directing”positions in the two systems of county and prefectural officials,and merging them into a new system of Guanren Zhiyi.The elimination and recurrence of Guanren Zhiyi in the system between the Tang and Song dynasties was a game and balance between the interests of officials and the court system,reflecting the changes and transitions in the relationship between the central and local governments,as well as the integration and adjustment of court regulations and financial operations.