正统与篡逆:正史数序纪日与历史书写

Orthodoxy and Usurpation:Recording Date with Ordinal Numeral in Official History and the Writing of History

唐太宗屡次索观国史并亲自为“玄武门之变”定性,《旧唐书·太宗本纪》及相关列传以数序纪日叙述“玄武门之变”,其他列传也以相同方式叙述重大叛、逆事件。追踪溯源,《汉书·王莽传》最早使用数序干支结合的纪日方式来记录新莽覆亡、刘汉更始的历史,经过《三国志》《后汉书》《宋书》等正史的发展完善,到唐五代时期,这种利用纪日方式变化贯彻“春秋笔法”,达到维护正统、惩恶戒乱目的的历史书写方式已经相当成熟。其思想基础则是战国、秦、汉以来逐渐成形的“正朔”观念。

Emperor Taizong of Tang repeatedly asked to read the national history and personally defined the“Xuanwu Gate Incident”,Jiutangshu:Taizong Benji and related biographies used the method of recording date with ordinal numeral to describe the“Xuanwu Gate Incident”,and other biographies also described major rebellious events in the same way.Tracing the sources,Hanshu:Wang Mang Zhuan was the first to record the history of the fall of Xin Mang and the renewal of Liu Han with the combination of ordinal numeral and Chinese sexagenary cycle.With the.improvement of official history in Sanguozhi,Hou Hanshu,Song Shu and so on,this way of historical writing,which used the change of recording date to implement the“writing style of Chunqiu”and achieved the goal of maintaining orthodoxy,punishing evil,and discouraging chaos,had been quite mature by Tang and the Five Dynasties.Its ideological basis is the concept of“zhengshuo”gradually formed since the Warring States period,and the Qin and Han dynasties.