名家的偃兵思想及其流变

Research on the Pacifism Thought of the Ming School and Its Evolution

名家偃兵论是期望国家间以外交为主要手段平息战争,达到战略平衡,最终实现天下无兵的和平局面的一种战争观念。其反对一切对外战争的基本理念,区别于春秋战国时期的其他“非战”思想。名家代表人物惠施、宋钘、尹文和公孙龙从名实论、正名论出发,结合“去尊”“合同异”道家“无为”、墨家“尚利”“离坚白”思想,确定了以偃兵为核心的外交手段劝解统治者,以实现天下无兵的政治理想。偃兵既是具体的军事和外交手段,也是长远的政治理想。同时期,庄子、墨子赞同有条件的偃兵,《管子》《吕氏春秋》则完全反对,并指出偃兵论具有空洞性,不能适应当时天下统一的历史大势。再结合诸侯国在偃兵实践上的失败以及西周“毁兵”葬俗、周公“偃五兵”、春秋中期“弭兵会盟”的发展情况,可知名家偃兵论走向消亡有其必然性。

The pacifism thought of the Ming School is a war concept that claims diplomacy should be used as the main method to eliminate wars and achieve a strategic balance,and finally to realize a peaceful situation without warfare in the world.Its main point is to oppose all the wars,therefore it is different from the theories of other thinkers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.The main thinkers of the Ming School are Hui Shi,Song Xing,Yin Wen,and Gongsun Long.They used“Ming shi lun(名实论)”,“Zheng ming lun(正名论)”,“Qu-zun(去尊)”,“Hetong yi(合同异)”,Taoist“Wu-wei(无为)”,Moist“Shang-li(尚利)”and“Li jian bai(离坚白)”to establish the pacifism thought,and used this theory to persuade the sovereigns to oppose war and ensure peace.F rom the perspective of the Ming School,the pacifism thought is both military and diplomatic methods and political ideals.During the same period,Zhuangzi and Mozi agreed with some conditional pacifism thoughts.But Guan Zi and Lushi Chunqiu completely opposite to the pacifism thought.They believe that the pacifism thought of the Ming School is impractical.The failure of the Ming School's pacifism thought in political practice proves that their theory is unrealistic in the general historical trend of unification.It can be found that the pacifism thought is doomed to be extinct through examining the historical practice of several states in the Spring and Autumn Period,such as the custom of destroying weapons in the Western Zhou Dynasty,the practice of the Duke of Zhou renouncing five weapons and the armistice agreement in the mid Spring and Autumn Period.Therefore,the theories of the Ming School were inevitably abandoned by the people.