藩屏王家:清华简《皇门》《四告》的权力互动及政治伦理

On the Power Exchange and Political Ethics in“Huang Men”and“Si Gao”of the Qinghua Bamboo Slips

自战国以降,学者寄希望于建立政治伦理以实现对权力的制衡,惯性代入减省刑罚、施行德治、以民为本的仁君叙事疏释先秦文献,由此严重遮蔽了权力运行的基本逻辑。通过重审清华简《皇门》与《四告·满告》可知,西周政治伦理基于周王对“大门宗子势臣”———即藩屏势力集团的维护。一方面,型、德、祀等表述的实质,是周王诉求宗子守常、型范祖考、勤恤王邦;另一方面,册封、主祭、共祀、昭穆制等设计,也维系藩屏系统内各分族间的军事互助纽带。周王与宗子属于利益共生的牵制关系。故该类文献属于宗法系统对内的笼络话语,并非集权形态下君民关系或君主内在道德的议题。当藩屏模式被郡县制取代,“民”的主体由率族藩屏的宗子降格为被单向征调的编户齐民,导致了权力双向交互关系失衡,才发生诸子改造概念内涵,试图通过制造政治伦理抑制王权独大的状况。

After the Warring States period,scholars hoped to establish a theory of political ethics to achieve a balance of power.Due to the scholars’habit of using rhetorics such as reducing punishments,implementing virtuous governance,and loving the people like children to interpret pre-Qin literature,the basic logic of power being accountable to the people was seriously neglected.By comparing“Huang Men”and“Si Gao”in the Qinghua Bamboo Slips it can be found that the political ethics of the Western Zhou Dynasty mainly focused on the maintenance of the core clan by the Zhou king.On the one hand,expressions such as“xing”(punishment),“de”(virtue),and“si”(sacrifice)were the Zhou king’s appeals to the branch clans to continuously pledge loyalty and defend the royal family.On the other hand,presiding over sacrifices and participating in sacrifices also strengthened the military support alliance among the participants.The Zhou king and the sons of the royal family had common interests and mutually restrained each other.Therefore,this literature is not on intellectuals in a centralized form calling for monarchs to reform or strengthen morality unilaterally.When this structure was replaced by the county system,the subject of“min”changed from clan leaders to passive civilians who were unilaterally mobilized for resources,leading to an imbalance of power.This led intellectuals to reshape concepts and attempt to suppress the dominance of the monarchy with ideas.