1935年华北自治运动与国民政府的因应——以何应钦北上为中心

The North China Autonomy Movement and the National Government’s Response in 1935:Centering on He Yingqin’s Northward Movement

1935年华北自治运动在内政外交多重因素交互影响下汹涌澎湃,国民政府为应对危局,任命何应钦以行政院驻平办事长官的身份北上,与日本及华北地方实力派展开周旋。何应钦鉴于二十九军在华北异军突起的现实,主张由宋哲元主导华北政局,蒋何立场多有歧异。然而蒋介石与宋哲元围绕华北权力分配矛盾日趋激化,不仅行政院驻平办事长官在日本、宋哲元的合作与抵制之下,被迫取消,并且冀察政务委员会作为地方自治机关,开始成为冀察最高统治机构,华北危机日趋严重。由此亦可窥悉国民政府对日外交,陷入从在地解决转为中央主导,再由中央主导被迫走向在地解决的恶性循环。

In 1935,the North China Autonomy Movement was surging under the interactive influence of multiple factors,such as internal affairs and diplomacy.In response to the crisis,the National Government appointed He Yingqin as the head of the new Peiping office of the Executive Yuan,and made his way northward so that he could deal with Japan and the local powers in North China.In view of the reality of the sudden rise of the 29 th Army in North China,He Yingqin recommended Song Zheyuan to dominate the political situation of North China,but Chiang Kai-shek had different opinions.Meanwhile,the conflict between Chiang Kai-shek and Song Zheyuan around the distribution of power in North China had become increasingly intensified.After that,not only the head of the new Peiping office of the Executive Yuan had been cancelled under the cooperation and resistance of Japan and Song Zheyuan,but also the HopeiChahar Political Council,as a local autonomous agency,had seized the highest authority of the provinces of Hopei and Chahar.In consequence,the North China Crisis had become more serious.From this study we can see that the National Government’s diplomacy with Japan fell into a vicious circle,from settlement at the local level to dominated by the central leadership,and then from dominated by the central leadership to settlement at the local level under compulsion.