郭沫若的法家观及马克思主义史家法家观的内部分歧

Guo Moruo’s View on Legalism and the Divergence of Marxist Historians’ Views on Legalism

郭沫若的法家观与其在中华人民共和国成立之后的人生遭遇密切相关。郭沫若认可前期法家,认定他们为"国家本位",注重国家利益的同时兼顾人民利益;但申不害与韩非子的政治思想,则为"君主本位",根源在于二人受道家影响,主张"术治"。故而郭沫若激烈批判之。他主张秦始皇采用了韩非子的政治观念,故他区分吕不韦与秦始皇的两条政治路线,批判秦朝政治实为"奴隶制度"的"回光返照"。这与当时马克思主义史学阵营内部有关法家(包括申韩、秦始皇)的历史评价存在分歧。范文澜、吕振羽、侯外庐等马克思主义史家均认可法家推动由奴隶制向封建制转变的历史功绩。郭沫若的法家观既有现实政治斗争的因素,他批评申韩与秦始皇,目的是为了批评当时国民党蒋介石的独裁统治;同时也有方法论的因素,他综合采用"人民本位"与"社会发展五阶段论"的立场,导致他与其他马克思主义史家的学术分歧,并最终坚持了一种与中共官方意识形态迥异的法家观,这为他在"文革"末期的政治运动中的遭遇埋下了伏笔。郭沫若的"人民本位"观,是马克思主义史学阵营内部具有"自由主义"倾向的观点。

Guo Moruo’s view on Legalism is closely related to his life experience after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.Guo Moruo approved of the early Legalists and believed that they were"nation-oriented",paying attention to the interests of the state while taking into account the interests of the people.But the political thoughts of Shen Buhai and Han Feizi were"monarch-oriented",the root of which was that they were influenced by Taoism and advocated the"art of governance".Thus,they were fiercely criticized by Guo Moruo.Guo agreed that Qin Shihuang adopted Han Feizi’s political ideas,so he distinguished the two political lines of LüBuwei and Qin Shihuang,criticizing the Qin politics as the revival of"slavery".This opinion was in conflict with the historical evaluation of the Legalists(including Shen Buhai,Han Feizi and Qin Shihuang)within the Marxist historiography camp at that time.Marxist historians such as Fan Wenlan,LüZhenyu,and Hou Wailu unanimously recognized the historical merits of Legalists in promoting the transition of Chinese social system from slavery to feudalism.Guo Moruo’s view on Legalism not only arose from real political struggle——his criticism of Shen Buhai,Han Feizi and Qin Shihuang was for the purpose of criticizing the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek of the Kuomintang at that time,but also had methodological factors.He took the"people-oriented"and"five stages theory of social development"stand,which contributed to his academic divergence with other Marxist historians.In the end,he held a legalist view that was quite different from the official ideology of the Chinese Communist Party,which foreshadowed his miserable experience in the political movement at the end of the"Cultural Revolution".Guo Moruo’s"people-oriented"view is the view with a"liberal"tendency within the Marxist historiography camp.