双重语境下的辽代契丹姓氏研究

A Study of Khitan Surnames of the Liao Dynasty in the Bilingual Context

在汉文语境中,辽代契丹人只有耶律与萧两种姓氏,辽皇族成员皆姓耶律,后族成员皆姓萧。但契丹文中仅有耶律姓,而无萧姓,故此两分模式在契丹文语境中并不成立。在契丹小字墓志中,辽后族成员有时以拔里、乙室己为姓,但在多数情况下不使用姓氏,而是通过标记所出帐房来体现后族身份。耶律姓在契丹小字墓志中亦不常见,皇族成员的身份表达大多同样是通过标记帐房来完成。耶律与萧在汉文语境中为并列的两种姓氏,但二者在产生时间、得姓方式上皆存在差异。耶律姓出现较早,源自阿保机家族住地之名,为契丹语词汇;萧姓出现较晚,通过"随名姓"的方式产生,汉姓色彩明显。这导致两种姓氏在形式上和在契丹人中的被接受程度上存在明显差异,最终造成两种姓氏的"跛行现象"。

In the Chinese context,Khitans of the Liao dynasty only have two surnames——"Yelü(耶律)"and"Xiao(萧)",which are respectively the Emperor and the Queen’s family names.But this classification is not applicable in the Khitan context,because in the Khitan language there is only surname"Yelü",no surname"Xiao".In the epitaphs written in Khitan Small Script(契丹小字),members of the Queen’s family sometimes take"Bali(拔里)"and"Yishiji(乙室己)"as their surnames,but in most cases,they indicate their identity as the Queen’s family by marking the name of their clan rather than using surnames."Yelü"is also uncommon in the epitaphs written in Khitan Small Script.Members of the Emperor’s family mostly use the name of their clan to indicate their identity."Yelü"and"Xiao"are two surnames existed in the Chinese context,but they emerged at different times and in different ways."Yelü"appeared earlier.It derived from the name of the place in the Khitan vocabulary where Abaoji’s family(阿保机家族)lived and evolved."Xiao"appeared later and derived from the Han surname"Xiao",which gave rise to the obvious difference in the form and acceptance of the two surnames by the Khitans,and ultimately caused the"Limping Phenomenon(跛行现象)".