越南古代史家对本国古史的书写和构建初探

Writing National History by Ancient Historians in Vietnam

越南古史涉及其民族和国家起源问题,历来为治越南史之学者所关注。过去,由于史料方面的缺失和限制,中外学界的研究主要集中于考证和探讨越南古史的历史真实性,甚少有人注意越南古代史家书写和构建其古史的整体历史过程。本文结合新发现的《大越史略》抄本和越南古代其他主要的代表性史籍,将越南古代史家对本国古史的书写和构建分为三个主要阶段,包括陈朝史家对古史的最初书写和构建、后黎朝史家对古史的丰富与发展以及中兴黎朝、西山朝和阮朝三代史家对古史的修正与定型。越南古史的书写和构建不仅为当时的越南诸自主王朝构建了一套相对完整的越史叙事的话语体系,亦成为近代以来越南构建其现代民族和国家的重要历史素材。由于深受古代汉文化的影响与浸润,越南古代史家笔下的本国古史亦包含很多鲜明的中国历史文化特征,这是中越两国之间长期交往的一种必然产物和历史记忆。

The ancient history of Vietnam offers information regarding the origins of the Vietnamese people and the country itself,which is the reason that it has always been the focus of scholars who study the country.In the past,due to the lack and limitation of historical data,scholars from China and foreign countries mainly focused on the verification discussing the authenticity of the history of ancient Vietnam,and few scholars had paid attention to the holistic process in which historians of ancient Vietnam wrote and constructed the history.This article,based on the newly found text Dai Viet Su Luoc as well as other representative history records from ancient Vietnam,divides the writing and construction of the history of ancient Vietnam into three phases,which includes the Tran dynasty when historians began to compile the history,the Le dynasty when historians enriched and expanded the writing on ancient history,and finally the Restored Le dynasty,Tay Son dynasty and Nguyen dynasty when historians corrected and finalized ancient history.In general,the ancient history of Vietnam,written by ancient Vietnamese historians,has more or less a certain mythical and legendary flavor,and is deeply influenced by ancient Chinese traditional historiography yet preserving the independent consciousness of ancient Vietnamese dynasties.This historiographical legacy not only provided a relatively complete discourse of Vietnamese history,but also became an important historiographical foundation upon which Vietnam built its nation and country in modern times.Due to the influence of Han culture,the ancient history of Vietnam written and constructed by ancient Vietnamese historians also contains many distinctive features from Chinese history and culture.It is also an inevitable outcome and cultural memory of long-term historical exchanges between China and Vietnam.