夫权维续还是渐进平权?——中国夫妻权力模式及影响机制变迁(1990—2010)

Continuous Inequality or Progressive Equality:Power Pattern Between Husband and Wife in China and Factors in Its Transition Dynamics(1990⁃2010)

1990—2010年间,中国夫妻权力模式呈现渐进、不平衡的现代化转向:夫权模式减弱,整体走向平权模式,但妻子对重大事务决策权的获取弱于、滞后于日常事务决策权。夫妻权力模式的影响机制反映出基于个体能力提升,权力资源交换得以实现的现代理性逻辑:妻子在教育和收入水平上不低于丈夫的情况,对家庭重大事务、日常事务决策的平权、妻权走向至关重要,尤其是妻子收入上的相对优势,对获取重大事务决策权的影响在20年间持续上升。但基于传统性别规范的不平等和阻力也同时存在:家庭共同体内部,妻子承担更多家务的合作性付出并不必然导向重大事务决策权的获取,仅日渐有利于其获取相对边缘的日常事务决策权。性别平等意识对夫妻平权和妻权走向的正向影响也有随时间减弱的趋势。

In an age of modernization between 1990 and 2010,China's spousal power patterns show a gradual yet uneven turn:the husband's power has weakened and there has been an overall move toward a more egalitarian pattern,however,the wife's decision⁃making power over major affairs has lagged behind that over daily routines.The mechanism of factors influencing spousal power pattern reflects the modern rational logic based on the improvement of female individual ability,which has helped realize the exchange of power resources:the wife's education and income level,which is not lower than that of her husband,is crucial to the egalitarian pattern,or even the wife dominance.The relative advantage of the wife's income has greatly enhanced her decision⁃making power over major issues during the two decades.However,inequality and resistance based on traditional gender norms still exist:within the family community,the cooperative contribution of wives to more household tasks does not necessarily lead to her acquisition of decision⁃making power over major matters,but only increasingly endows her with that over marginal everyday businesses.The positive impact of gender equality awareness on the direction of equal rights and wives'rights also tends to diminish over time.