行业分工、性别实践与晋升约束——基于J市女警的田野调查

Labor Division,Gendered Practices and Promotion Constraints:A Field Research on Female Police Officers in J City

本文考察我国女警如何在一个高度颂扬男性阳刚气质的行业里安排和展望自己的职业发展,以及如何回应社会对女性成为贤妻良母的期待。通过对南方某省会城市32位女警的深度访谈和非参与式观察,本文发现,女警身上显著体现出本文概括为“‘单位’女性主体性”的性别特质。首先,在择业环节,女警期待在“单位”体制下获得稳定的雇佣关系和较灵活自由的职场空间;其次,在日常工作中,女警高度卷入“男主外、女主内”的分工,即男警负责户外的、冒险的、更具有晋升空间的工作,女警负责坐班的、支持性的和行政性的工作;此外,女警们在不同的工作任务中能够熟练自如地在温婉可人和刚毅理性之间调用不同的女性气质,并且表现出对“社会上”其他职业女性一定程度的区隔。随着警察职能走向服务化和亲民化,女警担任了大量文书工作和服务性工作,但受制于警察行业内部“刑事为主、行政为辅”的绩效考核制度,她们并没有得到更多晋升的空间。

This paper focuses on how female police officers in China arrange and imagine their career development in a highly masculine vocation and how they respond to the social expectation on them of becoming good wives and mothers.Through in⁃depth interviews and non⁃participatory observation of 32 policewomen in a provincial capital city in southern China,this paper finds that Chinese policewomen significantly embody the gender traits that this paper summarizes as danwei female subjectivity.First,in the career selection process,female police officers expect a stable employment relationship and more flexible and freer workplace space under the danwei system.Second,in their routine work,female police officers are highly involved in the gendered division of labor,where the male police officers are responsible for outdoor work,which is more adventurous and more promising for promotion,and their female counterparts responsible for supporting,administrative desk jobs,characterized by regular work hours.In addition,we find that policewomen are capable of switching skillfully along the continuum of femininity from gentleness to firmness,according to different features of tasks.They also show a certain degree of differentiation from other professional women.Furthermore,as police functions become more service⁃oriented and people⁃friendly,women police officers have taken up a large number of clerical and service jobs,but due to the performance evaluation characterized by“criminal cases first and administration second”,they are granted with no more promotion opportunities than before.