罗伯特·埃斯波西托:免疫范式与生命政治

Robert Esposito:The Immunity Paradigm and the Biopolitics

“免疫”是意大利哲学家埃斯波西托政治哲学思想的核心概念。埃斯波西托通过考察“免疫”和“共同体”的词源关系以及政治身体隐喻中的疾病认知转变,界定了“免疫”的内涵和特征,并在福柯生命政治保护生命的向度上,将免疫范式看作生命政治的基本运作机制,以免疫的否定辩证法和纳入式排除机制为基础展开对生命政治的分析。生命政治遵循着免疫逻辑,以否定生命(政治身体)负面因素的方式来保护生命(政治身体),但生命政治的免疫机制若过度发展,则转变为自身免疫的死亡政治。为解决这个问题,埃斯波西托通过免疫耐受“移植”他者来找寻积极生命政治的可能性。然而,埃斯波西托忽视了免疫范式保护自我与容纳他者的界限问题,这让免疫范式在解释现实政治上陷入了困境。

“Immunity”is the core concept of Italian philosopher Robert Esposito's political philosophy.By examining the etymological relationship between“immunity”and“community”and the cognitive transformation of disease in the metaphor of political body,Esposito defined the connotation and characteristics of“immunity”.Based on Foucault's biopolitics to protect life,Esposito regards the immunity paradigm as the basic operating mechanism of biopolitics,and analyzes the biopolitics based on the negative dialectic of immunity and the mechanism of inclusion and exclusion.Biopolitics follows the logic of immunity and protects life(political body)by denying the negative factors of life(political body).But if the immunity apparatus of biopolitics is over developed,it will turn into the thanatopolitics of auto-immunity.To solve this problem,Esposito explored the possibility of positive biopolitics by“transplanting”others through immune tolerance.However,Esposito ignored the boundary between the immunity paradigm to protect the self and to accommodate the other,which made the immunity paradigm in the interpretation of realpolitik into a dilemma.