19世纪惩罚机制改革中的精神病人——福柯论“危险的个体”

Psychopaths in the Reform of Punishment Mechanism in the 19th Century—Foucault on“Dangerous Individuals”

从生命政治的视角出发,福柯分析了医学及各种分支学科在现代社会兴起和发展的过程。其中,精神病学的出现与19世纪欧洲司法改革和惩罚机制转变有着密切的联系。精神病学为了承担解释无理性犯罪的责任,将过去的疯癫建构成了现代的精神病人形象,并通过对本能的解析打造了“不正常”行为发展的知识体系。福柯梳理了这一时期精神病学形成和变迁的历史,认为精神病学的真正目标不是治疗疾病,而是鉴别社会中的不正常人群,并通过与司法权力的结合不断生产和排斥社会中危险的个体。

From the perspective of biopolitics,Foucault analyzed the birth and development of medicine and its various sub-disciplines in modern society,in which the emergence of psychiatry had a close relation to the reform of justice and the transformation of punishment mechanism in the 19th century in Europe.In order to bear the responsibility of explaining irrational crimes,psychiatry constructed the image of modern psychopaths from the madness in the past,and built the knowledge system of the development of“abnormal”behavior through the analysis of instinct.Foucault sorted out the history of the formation and change of psychiatry in this period,and believed that the true goal of psychiatry was not to treat diseases,but to identify the abnormal in society,and to produce and exclude dangerous individuals in society through its combination with judicial power.