祈雨救災:觀音在宋代民俗中的職能轉變

Praying for Rain and Providing Disaster Relief:the Function Transformation of Guanyin in Folk Customs of Song Dynasty

觀音信仰滲透於古代社會的各種文化體系之中,藴含著豐富多樣的社會功能和潛在作用。宋代以來民眾根據生產生活的需要,對觀音信仰進行了生活化的改造,其祈雨職能化的轉變非常鮮明。民俗化的觀音信仰逐漸被正統佛教和社會各階層接受,並被納入宋代國家祭祀體系,是一條自下而上的社會改造路徑。宋代觀音信仰職能化的轉變和定型,對元明清觀音信仰的主要形態具有深刻影響。通過觀音信仰與宋代災荒救治的歷史史實,可以看出在宋代三教合一的歷史背景下,中國傳統的天人感應學説與佛教因果理論的融合;也可以看出中國佛教進入宋代之後的民間化轉型以及宗教社會功能的轉變。

The Guanyin beliefs were generally infiltrated into the various cultural systems of ancient society,and contained rich and diverse social functions and potential effects.Since the Song Dynasty,the people have carried out the lifestyle transformation of the Guanyin belief according to the needs of production and life,and expecially the transformation of the function of praying for rain was very clear.The folklore Guanyin beliefs were gradually accepted by orthodox Buddhism and all social classes and incorporated into the official sacrificial system of the Song Dynasty which was a bottom-up social transformation path.The transformation and stereotype of the Guanyin belief’s functionalization in the Song Dynasty had a profound impact on the main forms of Guanyin belief in the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties.