事死如事生:“拜謁圖”與漢代祠堂空間功能的圖像表達

Serve the Dead as Living:the Image Representation of the Paintings of Homage Paying and the Space Function of the Ancestral Halls in Han Dynasty

建築人物"拜謁圖"是漢代墓上祠堂畫像的核心題材,在魯豫蘇皖交界區域出土的祠堂畫像石中,除了學者關注最多的樓閣型建築人物拜謁圖外,還有以院落與廳堂爲拜謁場所的拜謁圖。通過三種拜謁圖的綜合分析可以看出,以拜謁活動爲中心,祠堂圖像形成了一種程式化的表達方式,府署化與宅第化的祠堂空間是其表達主題,對應了現實生活中高級府第的空間設置。祠堂圖像表達與祠主生前地位、身份、年齡沒有必然聯繫,而是以象徵手法虛飾死者的官員身份與家長地位。這種圖像表達方式是漢代人追求富貴心理的圖像表現,對傳統社會的喪葬禮俗與鬼神信仰産生深遠影響。

Homage Paying is the core theme of the Han Dynasty tomb ancestral hall portrait.Among the stone paintings unearthed in the border area of Shandong,Henan,Jiangsu and Anhui,besides the homage paying paintings of the pavilion architecture which scholars pay most attention to,there are also homage paying paintings taking the courtyards and the halls as the homage paying sites.Through the comprehensive analysis of the three kinds of homage paying paintings,it can be seen that with homage paying activities as the center,the image of ancestral halls forms a stylized expression.The theme of the expression is the space of the ancestral halls with the structure similar to a mansion or a government office,which corresponds to the space arrangement of the high-level mansion or office in real life.The image expression of ancestral halls has no inevitable connection with the hall master’s identity,status and age,but uses symbolic means to disguise the official status and parental status of the deceased.This kind of image expression is the image expression of the Han Dynasty people’s psychology of pursuing wealth,which has a far-reaching impact on the funeral customs and beliefs of ghosts and gods in traditional society.