基于生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险的生态分区识别与优化策略——以祁连山国家公园青海片区为例

Ecological zoning identification and optimization strategies based on ecosystem service value and landscape ecological risk:Taking Qinghai area of QilianM ountain National Park as an example

生态空间分区识别是支撑自然保护地生态资产管理的前提性和基础性工作。以祁连山国家公园青海片区(以下简称为“园区”)为例,集成遥感技术、地理信息模型方法、景观生态学方法、GIS格网法,分析了园区1998—2018年土地利用、生态系统服务价值、景观生态风险的时空演变特征,选用Z-score标准化构建了四类生态分区。结果表明:(1)草地占园区面积的55.00%以上,30年间(1998—2018年)园区土地利用之间转移总面积为102.49 km^(2)。(2)3个时期(1998年、2008年、2018年)园区生态系统服务价值(ESV)约为274亿元/a,单位面积ESV为172.94万元/km^(2)。不同ESV等级呈现“大分散、小集聚”的镶嵌交错分布格局,高寒河源湿地区和寒温带针叶林区为ESV的高值区。(3)3个时期园区景观生态风险指数(ERI)分别为0.2287、0.2286和0.2310,生态安全状态整体较好,景观生态风险以低生态风险等级和较低生态风险等级占主导地位,占园区面积的90.00%左右。人工牧草地、旱地、建设用地的景观生态风险等级较高。(4)结合生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险两个维度将园区划分为生态保障型生境修复区(I)、生态脆弱型特别保护区(II)、生态改良型发展利用区(III)和生态预防型保育涵养区(IV)四类生态分区,并提出差异化管控方案。

Identification of spatial zoning of ecological functions is a prerequisite and fundamental work to support the management of ecological assets in nature reserves.In this study,the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of land use/cover types,ecosystem service values and landscape ecological risks in the Qilian Mountains National Park Qinghai Area from 1998 to 2018 were analyzed by applying remote sensing,geographic information modeling,landscape ecology and GIS grid methods,and four types of ecological zoning were constructed by Z-score standardization.The results show that:(1)Grassland in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park was above 55.00%,and the total area transferred between land use types in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park during 30 years(1998—2018)was 102.49 km^(2),among which the largest area of medium-coverage grassland was transferred out,which was 34.83 km^(2),and the largest area of artificial grassland was transferred in,which was 24.61 km^(2).(2)The ecosystem service value(ESV)of the Qinghai area of Qilian Mountains National Park in three periods(1998,2008,2018)was about 27.4 billion yuan/year,and the ecosystem service value per unit area was 1.7294 million yuan/km^(2).The water and wetland ecosystems contributed the largest amount of ecosystem service value,accounting for more than 44.00%,and the alpine river source wetlands and cold temperate coniferous forests were the high value areas of ecosystem service value.(3)The landscape ecological risk index(ERI)of the Qinghai Area of Qilian Mountain National Park in 1998,2008 and 2018 were 0.2287,0.2286 and 0.2310,respectively,with an overall good ecological safety status.The landscape ecological risk is dominated by low ecological risk level and lower ecological risk level,accounting for about 90.00%.The landscape ecological risk level of artificial grassland,dry land and construction land is higher.(4)The Qinghai area of the Qilian Mountains National Park was divided into four types of ecological spatial zones:ecologically secure habitat restoration zone(I),ecologically fragile special protection zone(II),ecologically improved development and utilization zone(III),and ecologically preventive conservation and nurturing zone(IV),based on two dimensions of ecosystem service value and landscape ecological risk.The Z-score standardized four-quadrant division results show that the ecological spatial zoning structure of the Qinghai area of the Qilian Mountains National Park shows a trend of steady to good change,according to which a differentiated and targeted ecological spatial zoning control scheme was proposed.