中、美喀斯特景观管理对比研究

Karst landscape management in China and America through the comparative lens

喀斯特景观具有重要的经济、战略、美学、生态和科考价值,如何有效保护和管理复杂而脆弱的喀斯特景观生态系统逐渐成为国内外管理者和学者关注的议题。但国内在喀斯特景观管理的方法和体制等方面鲜有研究,特别是面临日益增加的人类活动压力情况下,开展中外喀斯特管理对比研究将为中国喀斯特可持续管理提供借鉴。采用历史分析、社会网络分析、比较研究等方法,探究中国与美国喀斯特景观保护和管理的历史进程、管理机构参与和管理方法。结果表明中美政府对喀斯特和洞穴管理投入存在差异,但目前在区域协调管理方面还都欠缺。管理过程都经历了从初步探索到不断成熟的阶段,关注的重点和议题在不断演进,从最初的喀斯特水文地质问题拓展到生态系统综合管理,从单一的环境问题到社会、经济、生态问题。所采用的方法和模型在不断发展,从利用传统的环境调查和监测方法发展到GIS、激光雷达、分子生物学、环境DNA等最新技术。管理方式从自上而下行政命令方式到政府、社会团体、公众合作管理模式。目前,鉴于喀斯特生态系统的复杂性和部门利益冲突,直接出台喀斯特管理的法规还存在很大障碍。最后,构建了一个可持续导向的喀斯特景观管理框架。本研究将管理者、研究者和公众3个维度进行连接,为推动喀斯特景观可持续性治理提供决策支撑,具有实用性和普遍意义。

Chemical dissolution and physical processes shape karst landscapes with myriad surface and subsurface features,including caves,springs,and sinkholes that make them important geologically.The increased exploration and utilization of karst landscapes in the past century heightened awareness of their importance as natural resources for economic,strategic,aesthetic,ecological and scientific values.However,protection of the complex and fragile karst landscapes in the developing world faces significant physical obstacles and management challenges under increasing anthropogenic pressures at many levels.In this article,the evolution,institutions,and instruments of karst management were examined by using historical analysis,social network analysis,and comparative study in China and America.We found that the national efforts in the two countries were highly variable,and there was little regional integration.Karst and cave management in China and Ameica have both gone through phases from initial less attention to more concerns.The focus and topics of management have transferred from karst hydrogeological issues to the integrated ecosystem problem,from single environmental issue to the complex social,economic,and ecological issues.The study methods have been developing from the traditional environmental survey and monitoring methods to the emerging technologies such as GIS,LIDAR,molecular biology,and environmental DNA.The management mode has transformed from a top-down command and control approach to a cooperative management model among government,social groups,and the public.Karst landscape direct legislation was often inadequate and enforcement was usually constrained by karst complexity and conflicting priorities.Here,we presented a karst management framework that could be followed at the state and local level.Four specifically recommendations with high priority are proposed to streamline comprehensive management.Our study serves as a link between managers,researchers,and the public.The article will bring a practical generality through the comparative karst management and sustainable development in other countries.