数字经济条件下的劳动、商品与资本——基于马克思《资本论》及其手稿的辨析

Labor,Commodity,and Capital under the Condition of Digital Economy——An Analysis Based on Marx's Capital and the Manuscripts

《数字资本主义》一书全景式呈现了数字资本主义的各种现实问题和理论挑战。由于它把数据或信息本身看作商品,把通过信息产生的价格差异看作数字商品所具有的价值;所以不仅混淆了商品和产品,而且混淆了商品价值和价格。它认为只要存在稀缺性和差异,就会有商品生产和交换,这是对商品生产的历史条件的误解。由于它把数字平台用户购物甚至是游戏娱乐活动,把平台向平台客户提供的数字服务,都看作生产商品和创造价值的数字劳动,所以不仅混淆了创造价值的劳动和不创造价值的劳动,而且混淆了劳动和非劳动。它认为数字技术会替代还是拓展人的劳动取决于技术文化和价值观的引领,这是对社会存在和社会意识关系的颠倒。它把资本等同于货币,认为通过大规模私人定制服务,提高消费者支付意愿,不仅可以为平台资本或数字资本创造生产者剩余即利润,而且可以使数字资本主义得以延存,这既是对资本本质的误解,也是对资本利润源泉的误解,更是对资本主义暂时性、历史性的无知。

The book Digital Capitalism presents a panoramic view of various practical problems and theoretical challenges of digital capitalism.Because it views data or information itself as a commodity,and regards price differences generated through information as the value of digital commodities,it not only confuses commodities and products,but also confuses value and price of commodity.It believes that as long as there are scarcity and differences,there will be commodity production and exchange,which is a misunderstanding of the historical conditions of commodity production.Since it views digital platform users'shopping and even gaming and entertainment activities,and the digital services provided by the platform to the platform's customers as digital labor that produces goods and creates value,it not only confuses labor that creates value and labor that does not,but also confuses labor and non-labor.It believes that whether digital technology will replace or expand human labor depends on the guidance of technological culture and values,which is a reversal of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness.It equates capital with money,and believes that through large-scale private customization of services,improving consumers'willingness to pay can not only create producer surplus or profits for platform capital or digital capital,but also enable digital capitalism to survive.This is not only a misunderstanding of the nature of capital,but also a misunderstanding of the source of capital profits,and more importantly,an ignorance of the historicity and temporality of capitalism.