数据要素对高质量发展影响与数据流动制约

How Data Influence High-quality Development as a Factor and the Restriction of Data Flow

研究目标:从数据要素内涵出发,归纳其基本特性和主要技术-经济特征,提炼其影响经济发展的传导机制;考察数据流动状况,分析制约因素,就促进数据有序流动、支撑高质量发展给出建议。研究方法:依托技术创新、经济增长、信息经济学相关理论,运用归纳演绎方法,开展机制的分析提炼;基于数据整理和比对间接反映数据要素流动状况,从大国博弈角度剖析若干跨境数据流动重大事件及对中国的挑战。研究发现:比特数据是数字经济时代的新生产要素,具备关键要素低成本、大规模可获得的基本特性和非竞争性、低复制成本、非排他性、外部性、即时性等技术-经济特征。这些特性和技术-经济特征是数据要素提升企业生产经营效率、实现价值创造能力倍增、增加消费者剩余和福利、支撑高质量发展的微观基础,也衍生出隐私泄露、数据垄断等问题,对增长和福利造成负面影响。中外数据流动共享的现状不尽人意,存在权属关系、权益分配、价值评估、隐私保护等制约因素,根源也来自数据要素的技术-经济特征。跨境数据流动涉及数据主权和国家安全,情形复杂;欧美之间长期博弈,2017年后欧美日又加强合作对华压制,中国面临巨大挑战。应做好价值评估、权属界定、隐私和数据安全边界、跨境流动国际协作等基础性工作,促进数据充分有序流动。研究创新:提炼出数据要素基本特性和技术-经济特征,厘清其影响高质量发展的微观基础和传导机制,梳理数据流动的制约因素。研究价值:全面刻画数据要素影响数字经济时代高质量发展的内在机制,明确数据流动的障碍及中国面临的挑战,为更好发挥其支撑作用提供思路。

Research Objectives:Starting from the nature of data factor,this paper identifies its basic characteristics and major techno-economic features,and analyzes its influencing mechanism on economic development.The current condition of data flow has been investigated,as well as any obstacles impeding the free flow of data.Suggestions are given with regard to promoting an orderly flow of data and supporting high-quality economic development.Research Methods:Based on the theories of technological innovation,economic growth and information economics,this paper conducts mechanism analysis using inductive and deductive methods.Relevant data are analyzed and compared to provide an indirect reflection of the current flow of data factor.This paper also tries to,from a Super-Power game theory perspective,examine major cross-border data transfer events and identify relevant challenges to China.Research Findings:Bit data is a new factor of production in the era of digital economy.As an essential factor,data has the basic characteristics of low cost and high accessibility,as well as techno-economic features including non-rivalry,low replication cost,non-exclusivity,externality and immediacy.All these features act as the micro-foundation for data to boost business operation productivity,multiply value-creating capability,improve consumer surplus and welfare,and support high-quality economic growth.However,they also give rise to issues such as privacy leakage and data monopoly,which may prove harmful to growth and welfare.The current situation of data flow and sharing in both China and abroad is unsatisfactory.Ownership relation,rights distribution,value assessment,privacy protection are all challenges rooted in the techno-economic features of data factor.Cross-border data transfer is highly relevant to data sovereignty and national security,with a complex de facto situation.Besides the long-term infringement between Europe and the U.S.,there has been a coordinated and enhanced suppress from Europe,the U.S.and Japan towards China since 2017,putting China in a challenging situation.Fundamental tasks including value assessment,ownership allocation,privacy and data security protection,international cooperation on cross-border transfer need to be enhanced in a bid to facilitate the free and orderly flow of data.Research Innovations:Identify the basic characteristics and major techno-economic features of data,analyze its micro-foundation and influencing mechanism on high-quality development,examine barriers hindering the free flow of data.Research Value:This paper attempts to deliver a comprehensive description of data’s influencing mechanism on highquality development in the era of digital economy,to define obstacles to the flow of data and challenges facing China,as well as to provide new perspectives for strengthening its supportive role to economic development.