辽宁关山辽墓门神壁画制作材料与工艺研究

Research on the Painting Materials and Techniques of the Liao Dynasty Tomb Murals in Guanshan,Liaoning Province

关山辽墓位于辽宁省阜新市马掌洼,作为辽代贵族墓葬群,其墓葬壁画内容丰富,对于研究辽代契丹民族的政治、经济、社会文化、丧葬习俗,以及我国墓葬壁画的发展有着重要的价值。2020年由于展陈需要,亟待进行壁画修复工作。为此,利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱、激光拉曼光谱、X射线衍射、热裂解气相色谱质谱等方法对关山辽墓门神壁画的颜料、白灰地仗层和颜料层胶结物进行了分析。结果表明,壁画使用的颜料均为矿物颜料,其中红色颜料为铅丹和铁红,黑色颜料为炭黑,黄色颜料为铁黄和铅黄,绿色颜料为石绿,颜料胶结材料为动物胶。壁画白灰地仗层主要由石英、方解石组成。通过对门神壁画制作材料与工艺特征的讨论,可以为后期壁画的保护修复材料筛选提供依据。

The tomb of Xiao He,the father of Empress Qin’ai,is among the tombs of nobles from the Liao dynasty in Mazhangwa near Fuxin City,Liaoning Province,and contains a collection of murals that are rich in content for the study of the politics,economics,social culture and funeral customs of the Khitan people during the Liao Dynasty.Due to the need for public exhibition beginning in 2020,restoration work for these murals is urgently needed.In order to further understand the chemical makeup of these paintings and determine an appropriate restoration methodology,this study utilized a super depth of field microscope,SEM-EDS,confocal laser Raman spectroscopy,XRD and Py-GC/MS to research the pigments in the door god paintings on a white background in the tomb,as well as the binding materials used between the layers of paint.The research results show that the pigments used in the murals are mineral pigments,among which the red pigments are lead red and iron red,the black is carbon black,the yellow is iron yellow and lead yellow,the green is green stone,and the material used to bind the pigments is animal glue.The white background is composed primarily of quartz,calcite and kaolinite.An understanding of the elements used to create the door god mural can provide valuable reference material for future conservation and restoration of the murals in this tomb.